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Early Iron Age, Latial IIB2 phase (2nd half), ca. 800-770 BCE(?)
Local production, found at Gabii, Osteria dell'Osa (see on Pleiades), Tomb 482 (1984) (female cremation)

Tomb 482 was part of a group of burials whose grave goods indicate connections with distant regions, in particular southern Italy, including Campania.

The reading of the inscription, in the Euboean alphabet, is disputed: possibly Greek (εὖλιν, εὐοῖν, εὐνιν or εὖλις) or Latin (ni lue). (La Regina reads εὖλιν, possibly short for εὔλινος "spinning well," an epithet of the goddess Eileithyia; εὐοῖν would be a a Bacchic exclamation.) Whatever the reading, it is so far the earliest known example of writing in Italy.

EDR page: www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=bo...

In the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano - Terme di Diocleziano
Inv. 391446

Photographed on display in the exhibit "La pittura della voce. L'alfabeto prima e dopo Cuma" (The picture of the voice. The alphabet before and after Cumae) at the Museo Archeologico dei Campi Flegrei, May-June 2024.

Early Iron Age, Latial IIB2 phase (2nd half), ca. 800-770 BCE(?)
Local production, found at Gabii, Osteria dell'Osa (see on Pleiades), Tomb 482 (1984) (female cremation)

Tomb 482 was part of a group of burials whose grave goods indicate connections with distant regions, in particular southern Italy, including Campania.

The reading of the inscription, in the Euboean alphabet, is disputed: possibly Greek (εὖλιν, εὐοῖν, εὐνιν or εὖλις) or Latin (ni lue). (La Regina reads εὖλιν, possibly short for εὔλινος "spinning well," an epithet of the goddess Eileithyia; εὐοῖν would be a a Bacchic exclamation.) Whatever the reading, it is so far the earliest known example of writing in Italy.

EDR page: www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=bo...

In the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano - Terme di Diocleziano
Inv. 391446

Photographed on display in the exhibit "La pittura della voce. L'alfabeto prima e dopo Cuma" (The picture of the voice. The alphabet before and after Cumae) at the Museo Archeologico dei Campi Flegrei, May-June 2024.

Early Iron Age, Latial IIB2 phase (2nd half), ca. 800-770 BCE(?)
Local production, found at Gabii, Osteria dell'Osa (see on Pleiades), Tomb 482 (1984) (female cremation)

Tomb 482 was part of a group of burials whose grave goods indicate connections with distant regions, in particular southern Italy, including Campania.

The reading of the inscription, in the Euboean alphabet, is disputed: possibly Greek (εὖλιν, εὐοῖν, εὐνιν or εὖλις) or Latin (ni lue). (La Regina reads εὖλιν, possibly short for εὔλινος "spinning well," an epithet of the goddess Eileithyia; εὐοῖν would be a a Bacchic exclamation.) Whatever the reading, it is so far the earliest known example of writing in Italy.

EDR page: www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=bo...

In the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano - Terme di Diocleziano
Inv. 391446

Photographed on display in the exhibit "La pittura della voce. L'alfabeto prima e dopo Cuma" (The picture of the voice. The alphabet before and after Cumae) at the Museo Archeologico dei Campi Flegrei, May-June 2024.

Including, notably, a vessel on a high stand, a three-legged table, and a lamp.
Also: bronze fibula, rectangular razor, and socketed spearhead.

Tomb 135 (adult male cremation; family group B), Osteria dell'Osa necropolis (see on Pleiades)
Latial IIA1 period, ca. 1st quarter 9th c. BCE

Photographed on display in the Museo Nazionale Romano Terme di Diocleziano, Rome, Italy

Including, notably, a hut urn decorated with human figures and miniature bronze sword and shield.
Tomb 137 (adult male cremation; family group B), Osteria dell'Osa necropolis (see on Pleiades)
Latial IIA1 period, ca. 1st quarter 9th c. BCE

Photographed on display in the Museo Nazionale Romano Terme di Diocleziano, Rome, Italy