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In the water industry, polyacrylamide could be used in three areas: raw water treatment, sewage treatment, and industrial wastewater treatment. For raw water treatment, polyacrylamide is used as a flocculant to treat the suspended particles in the raw water. For the sewage treatment, polyacrylamide is used in the dewatering of sewage sludge. For industrial wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide is used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat the wastewater of industrial production.
On the north bank of River Humber east of Hull. This is a huge industrial park with docking facilities on the river. Viewed from Paull Road.
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Lithuania is considered by many a completely boring country when it comes to its railways. Despite its Soviet past, it could almost be said that the Lithuanian fleet will msot likely be one of the most modern ones in the whole of Europe, with most of their traffic being done with fresh new ER20 Eurorunners and TEM TMH locomotives, a very extensive modernisation of the old reliables from the TEM2 family. It is therefore omitted by a lot of our railfan coleagues.
It was already the third time that I had visited my family in Vilnius and I was trying really hard to find some places to go to for interesting sightings in Lithuania. I had a couple of places on my map, two of them in Vilnius and three in other parts of Lithuania.
Jonava (Polish Janów) is a mid-sized town lying 75km to the North-West of Vilnius. With its 27 thousand inhabitants, it sits at a comfortable place in the list of top 10 most inhabited cities of Lithuania. The main eployer in the town is AB Achema, the owner of one the largest chemical plants of the Baltic states. The factory located in Jonava produces artificial fertilisers and other general use chemicals at a very large scale - so much in fact, that they have their own fleet of locomotives in the daughter-company UAB Transachema. Among them are one of each series: TEM2, TEM2U, TEM2UM, TEM7A and 2TE116. Here one of the locos - TEM2U-8940, built 1987 - is seen shunting around the facility's internal railway network with a rack of old Soviet tanker wagons. The factory itself can be seen in the background.
Photo by Piotrek/Toprus
Chemcraft was a significant player in the world of children's chemistry sets, particularly in the early-to-mid 20th century. The Porter Chemical Company, which produced Chemcraft sets, was one of the leading manufacturers of educational chemistry kits. These kits were designed to inspire young scientists and were widely available in stores like Woolworth’s.
Chemistry sets, including Chemcraft, gained popularity in the 1930s and 1940s, but their peak came in the 1950s. They were marketed as educational toys that could introduce children to the wonders of chemistry, often containing a variety of real chemicals, labware, and instructional guides. Chemcraft was among the brands that helped establish chemistry sets as a staple of childhood learning.
Early chemistry sets, including those from Chemcraft, often contained substances that would be considered hazardous today. Some even included radioactive materials, cyanide, and strong acids. Concerns over toxicity and safety led to stricter regulations. Hazardous chemicals were removed, making sets safer but less exciting. Chemistry sets became more about learning than experimentation.
Today’s kits focus on safe, fun, and educational experiments, using household ingredients instead of dangerous chemicals. Digital and interactive chemistry kits have emerged, blending technology with hands-on learning. Chemistry sets have come a long way – from dangerous experiments to safe, engaging learning tools.
[Sources: Smithsonian Magazine, and Science History Institute Digital Collection]
[Note: "The Porter Chemical Company produced over a million chemistry sets before increasing consumer liability concerns led to its demise in the 1980s." -- Wikipedia]
Omdat mijn dag startte in de buurt besloot ik een poging te doen voor de bediening van KAO Chemicals in Emmerich. Naar mijn info is die bediening doorgaans later op de ochtend, maar omdat ik ook foto's had gezien van een vroegere zonnestand (en ik toch slecht geslapen had) besloot ik een vroege trein te pakken. Reeds om 7:10 in aangekomen Emmerich hoorde ik het geluid van een fluitende loc in de haven echter al! Kansloos dus dacht ik om nog naar KAO te lopen, nog afgezien van de zonnestand. Er zat niks anders op dan de terugrit af te wachten bij de enige andere openbare plek op het raccordement, vlakbij het station. Na toch nog ruim een uur kwam G1205 274 103 van de BEG (een van mijn favoriete loctypes) met één ketelwagen geduwd terug naar het station. Toch nog een leuke industriële scène uiteindelijk, maar hopelijk is de bediening bij mijn volgende poging wat later :)
Voordeel was dat ik op tijd naar huis kon, onderweg door een stremming in Amersfoort terecht kwam waardoor ik de PON nog even mee kon pikken, en nog tijd genoeg had voor een middagje voor de baas,.