This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-24-106297
Federal Research: Key Practices for Scientific Program Managers
Note: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2020–21. NSF 22-323 (Alexandria, VA: 2022). NSF referred to these FY 2021 data as 'preliminary' in survey documentation because these data were updated in the subsequent volume of the survey. We refer to the FY 2021 data as 'estimates' throughout this appendix.