The Flickr Hughessonge Image Generatr

You must first imagine before creating, imagine it is like a premonitory dream, I had a weird dream., a SONGE in French, which gives the word song in English.I saw this video in detail a long time ago, now it has become a reality, my son Paul turns the crank and will create a dream tourbillon in this glass tube and my other son is transformed into a magnifying glass effect. I made a watercolour of this fountain with Alice von Wedemeyer in 1987 for an architecture agency in Stuttgart.

Ideal perpetuum mobile... energy production Free energy by implosion... universe a heat death will die if all higher forms of energy such as kinetic energy have been reduced to their lowest order state.I have to say first of all that I don't necessarily agree with everything you can read or write, but I have to admit that I drew this fountain in 1987 with Alice von W.......
An unconventional approach as the basis for new energy generation. Although the 2nd thermodynamic principle of physics states that a closed physical system does not move from a state of lesser order to a higher state without external intervention Viktor Schauberger developed a completely new concept of Power generation. The entropy theorem says that there can be no perpetual motion. Anyone physical process automatically changes to a lower state of order, where heat is the state with the lowest order, i. e. the greatest entropy. According to the entropy theorem,It is impossible to convert thermal energy completely into mechanical or electrical energy. All conventional machines based on the principle of combustion and conversion of higher-quality forms of energy are based on thermal energy, increase entropy, i. e. disorder
and the chaos in the world. This is also the prognosis of conventional science that the universe will die a heat death if all higher energies such as kinetic energy on their the lowest order state have been returned.The Austrian forester Viktor Schauberger, an outsider of research, observed nature for decades and came to the conclusion that nature is the ideal perpetual motion machine. since it generates higher-order states - organisms - out of itself. The statement in the second sentence applies in the form cited only to closed systems,
In contrast, organisms live and develop in open exchange with the environment from which they derive.absorbs energy with low entropy, e. g. sunlight or food, and converts it into modified energy.Shape, as heat and waste with great entropy.Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958) was a natural philosopher, inventor and pioneer of "free energy".
of the free machine power. He had an unconventional approach to nature observation,energy production and ultimately the development of consciousness. As a forester, he observed time and again, nature to find out how nature works, how growth, movement and life. From this he developed a near-natural technology, which is completely different from the conventional technology is built up. He designed devices for generating energy better:Release of energy, since energy cannot be generated or destroyed. But there's no such thing as energy sources that may not be usable so far) or for locomotion without fuel and caused neither exhaust fumes nor noise. These devices - such as the Trout turbine based on the operation of the gills of a trout - copied nature and worked solely on the basis of a specific movement of water or air.His understanding of water, air and earth made him an opponent of established science and technology, and he pointed out again and again that today's technology, as well as the Modern agriculture, hydraulic engineering and forestry are increasingly destroying nature. He countered this inaccurate technology with biotechnology, which uses the media of air, earth and water. Water is refined and qualitatively improved. He developed processes for the production of noble water, for the soil improvement, to increase the growth and quality of crops and to improve the quality of plants.Renaturation of rivers and forests.With its technical developments, but also with its fundamental understanding of nature, the
Schauberger is more topical than ever in the face of the Earth's current ecological situation. In this context, we have
his discoveries not only in the practical ecological work of their importance, but also in the deep ecology, which primarily focuses on the change of consciousness in the human being itself. jab the cognitive and emotional understanding of the natural processes, one's own attitude towards The world, the consciousness for the beauty and genius of nature are brought to life by the occupation
with Schauberger and put on a natural basis. Explosion and implosion - the two opposite types of movement. Today's technology works according to the heat and explosion principle. The best example is the combustion engine by burning high-quality raw materials - mineral oils from the depths of the earth to generate an explosive overpressure that moves the piston. The crude oil is, according to Schauberger, a resource that is eager to develop, i. e. a material that is used to build up life on the earth's surface.
Earth is necessary. l consists of dead animals that have been under the influence of light and heat for millions of years.
Air seal inside the earth's interior and change there very slowly. They make raw materials, who are energetically responsible for the fact that the earth retains its power and growth is possible. Today's technology destroys these raw materials in the combustion process in order to generate kinetic energy from them win. This combustion generates toxic fumes and noise and consumes the exhaust gases and noise generated for the Energy budget of the earth's necessary substances. All conventional machines are losing ground because of the resistance to movement,which grows in square to speed, 50-70% of their invested power. Except for the Destruction of the raw materials used is such a poor performance ratio of course immensely high.dear. The entropy kit applies to closed systems. This fine detail in the formulation of the 2nd edition of the German version
Thermodynamic principle is decisive. This law applies only in closed systems.That today's physics is not able to think in open systems is the reason for the dogmatization of the sentence. The question arises as to whether nature is a closed or open space. scheme.The spiral form and the egg, drop and goblet forms derived from it are the basic Principles of mapping in nature. All life comes from the egg (in the case of animals and humans,seed shapes of the plants) or the calyx (in the case of plants). Who exactly the shape of the egg form can also be found in the outline of many trees, in the shape of our head and in the shape of our head. many other everyday manifestations. Spiral swirls as flow principle of the blood. Our blood circulation, for example, is based on the principle of the spiral curl of the blood. By this rolling-in, the said condensation of the medium occurs again, a
Vacuum and the medium takes on dragging properties. Today's performance, in which Hearts are pressure-pumps, Schauberger suggests erroneous assumption. The little
The thick blood could never penetrate the finest capillaries of the hands and feet and could never penetrate the heart through the bloodstream. the entire giant bloodstream.In fact, train phenomena prevail here. Through the spiral movement, the blood gets -as well as the water in the streams and rivers - an axial propulsion. The light and air isolation is a necessary prerequisite for this, as is every oxygen contact of the blood
must be avoided at all costs in order not to cause a deadly embolism. Spiral and hyperbola forms can only be described with non-euclidean mathematics and it is astonishing and significant at the same time that today's mathematics and physics are practically no non-Euclidean structures. (1. spirals and hyperbolas can be measured with the Euclidean geometry must be described. 2. physics is used in Albert's general theory of relativity Einstein non-euclidean geometires. Non-Euclidean mathematics is an underdeveloped form of mathematics. Existence on the fringes of the institutes. To date, there is no formula in official school science for calculation of the shape. Only Walter Schauberger, mechanical engineer and son of Viktor
Schauberger, together with mathematician Trusnitz, has developed formulas for calculating hyperbolas and egg forms and in a consequent non-Euclidean mathematics (see: Tattva Viveka No. 10, Claus Radlberger: The hyperbolic cone).Viktor Schauberger discovered the levitation power when he observed the trout. Standing trout are able to stand motionless in torrential mountain streams and to feed themselves "unemployed".to swim in the mouth. During the spawning season, they climb meter-high waterfalls to reach the spawning places in the headwaters. If you look at the trout standing in the current they do not flee downstream, as the mechanistically trained mind suspects. but upstream, against the current. They achieve this in a flash with a very high degree of reliability.Speed. Schauberger kept asking himself how this was possible. A trout that can be caught at
the fishing rod pulls with the current, even suffocates. What forces are working here?The trout absorbs water through the mouth and lets it escape through the gills. In the
gills, thousands of microscopic guide rails are located, which convert the water into a strong bring in rolling movement. With the participation of certain trace elements located in the gills the water is energized and "juvenile fresh water" is built up. This juvenile water has been physical properties other than that of the stream water and reactions occur. The
drop shape of the fish body floats in a shell of such reactions as a counter-pressure act as a flow of the stream.In the thousands of years Roll-in movements of the water become implosions (new water generation) and levitation energies
released. Schauberger speaks in this context of a ribbon of souls, which is formed by the to the source. This ribbon of souls is the flow of the levitation energy, which is inverted to the Water flow is flowing.
Ideale Perpetuum mobile...Energiegewinnung Freie Energie durch Implosion...Universum einen Wärmetod sterben wird, wenn alle höheren Energieformen wie etwa kinetische Energie auf ihren niedrigsten Ordnungszustand zurückgeführt worden sind.
Ich muss zunächst einmal sagen, dass ich nicht unbedingt mit allem übereinstimme, was man lesen oder schreiben kann, aber ich muss zugeben, dass ich diesen Brunnen 1987 mit Alice von W. gezeichnet habe.....

Die Forellenturbine als Prinzip der kostenlosen Energiegewinnung Freie Energie durch Implosion - Die Entdeckungen von Viktor Schauberger

Ein unkonventioneller Denkansatz als Grundlage einer neuen Energiegewinnung Obwohl der 2.Thermodynamische Hauptsatz der Physik besagt, daß ein geschlossenes physikalisches System nicht ohne äußeres Zutun aus einem Zustand geringerer Ordnung in einen Zustand höherer
Ordnung übergehen kann, entwickelte Viktor Schauberger ein völlig neues Konzept der Energiegewinnung. Der Entropiesatz sagt zwar aus, daß es kein Perpetuum mobile geben kann. Jeder physikalische Vorgang geht automatisch in einen niedrigeren Ordnungszustand über, wobei Wärme
der Zustand mit der niedrigste Ordnung, d.h. der größten Entropie, ist. Dem Entropiesatz zufolge ist es unmöglich, thermische Energie vollständig in mechanische oder elektrische Energie umzuwandeln. Alle herkömmlichen Maschinen, die auf dem Prinzip der Verbrennung und der Umwandlung von höherwertigen Energieformen in Wärmeenergie beruhen, erhöhen die Entropie, d.h. die Unordnung und das Chaos in der Welt. So lautet auch die Prognose der konventionellen Wissenschaft, daß das
Universum einen Wärmetod sterben wird, wenn alle höheren Energieformen wie etwa kinetische Energie auf ihren niedrigsten Ordnungszustand zurückgeführt worden sind.Der österreichische Förster Viktor Schauberger, ein Außenseiter der Forschung, beobachtete jahrzehntelang die Natur und kam zu dem Schluß, daß die Natur das ideale Perpetuum mobile darstellt, da sie aus sich selbst heraus Zustände höherer Ordnung - Organismen - erzeugt. Die Aussage des 2. Hauptsatzes gilt in der angeführten Form nur für abgeschlossene Systeme,Organismen leben und entwickeln sich dagegen im offenen Austausch mit der Umgebung aus der sie Energie mit geringer Entropie, z.B. Sonnenlicht oder Nahrung, aufnehmen und sie in veränderter Form, als Wärme und Abfall mit großer Entropie abgeben. Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958) war Naturphilosoph, Erfinder und Wegbereiter der „freie Energie“,der kostenlosen Maschinenkraft. Er hatte einen unkonventienellen Ansatz zur Naturbeobachtung,
Energiegewinnung und letztendlich auch der Bewußtseinsentwicklung. Als Förster beobachtete er
immer wieder die Natur, um herauszufinden, wie die Natur funktioniert, wie Wachstum, Bewegung und Leben entstehen. Daraus entwickelte er eine naturnahe Technologie, die ganz anders als die herkömmliche Technologie aufgebaut ist. Er konstruierte Geräte zur Erzeugung von Energie (besser:Freisetzung von Energie, da Energie nicht erzeugt oder Vernichtet werden kann. Es gibt aber möglicherweise bisher nicht nutzbare Quellen der Energie) oder zur Fortbewegung, die ohne Treibstoff
arbeiteten und weder Abgase noch Lärm verursachten. Diese Geräte - beispielsweise die Forellenturbine, die an die Funktionsweise der Kiemen einer Forelle angelehnt ist - kopierten die Natur und arbeiteten lediglich auf der Basis einer spezifischen Bewegung von Wasser oder Luft.
Sein Verständnis von Wasser, Luft und Erde ließen ihn zum Gegner der etablierten Wissenschaft und Technik werden, und er wies immer wieder darauf hin, daß die heutige Technik, wie auch die moderne Landwirtschaft, der Wasserbau und der Waldbau, die Natur mehr und mehr zerstören. Er setzte dieser naturunrichtigen Technik seine Biotechnologie entgegen, die die Medien Luft, Erde und
Wasser veredelt und qualitativ verbessert. Er entwickelte Verfahren zur Edelwasserherstellung, zur Bodenverbesserung, zur Wachstums- und Qualitätssteigerung von Nutzpflanzen und zur
Renaturierung der Flüsse und Wälder. Mit seinen technischen Entwicklungen, aber auch mit seinem grundlegenden Naturverständnis ist Schauberger angesichts der heutigen ökologischen Situation der Erde aktueller denn je. Hierbei haben seine Entdeckungen nicht nur in der praktischen ökologischen Arbeit ihre Bedeutung, sondern auch in der Tiefenökologie, die vor allem den Bewußtseinswandel im Menschen selbst ins Auge faßt. Gerade das kognitive und emotionale Verständnis der Naturprozesse, die eigene Haltung gegenüber der
Mitwelt, das Bewußtsein für die Schönheit und Genialität der Natur werden durch die Beschäftigung mit Schauberger angeregt und auf eine naturgemäße Basis gestellt.
Explosion und Implosion - die beiden gegensätzlichen Bewegungsarten. Die heutige Technik arbeitet nach dem Wärme- und Explosionsprinzip. Bestes Beispiel ist der
Verbrennungsmotor, indem hochwertige Rohstoffe - Mineralöle aus den Tiefen der Erde - verbrannt
werden, um damit einen explosionsartigen Überdruck zu erzeugen, der den Kolben bewegt. Das Erdöl
ist nach Schauberger ein entwicklungsfreudiger Rohstoff, d.h. ein Stoff, der zum Lebensaufbau auf der
Erde notwendig ist. Öl besteht aus abgestorbenen Tieren, die seit Millionen von Jahren unter Lichtund
Luftabschluß im Erdinnern lagern und sich dort sehr langsam umwandeln. Sie bilden Rohstoffe,
die energetisch dafür verantwortlich sind, daß die Erde ihre Kraft behält und Wachstum möglich ist.
Die heutige Technik zerstört diese Rohstoffe in der Verbrennung, um daraus Bewegungsenergie zu
gewinnen. Diese Verbrennung erzeugt giftige Abgase und Lärm und verbraucht die für den
Energiehaushalt der Erde Notwendigen Stoffe.
Die heutige Technik beruht also auf einer Zerstörung und auf dem sogenannten Druckprinzip. Der
Verbrennungsmotor bewegt durch Druck den Kolben, die Druckturbine erzeugt elektrischen Strom, der
Propeller oder die Schraube erzeugen durch Rückstoß Fortbewegung, mit der Hydraulik werden Lasten
gehoben, die Spaltung von Atomen erzeugt Hitze und Druck. Alle diese Methoden beruhen auf
explosiven oder zentrifugalen Prinzipien und wirken strukturvergrößernd -bzw. auflösend. Die
Strukturvergrößerung führt zu Druck und zu einem Reibungswiderstand, der wiederum in
Wärmeenergie übergeht. Alle herkömmlichen Maschinen verlieren durch den Bewegungswiderstand,
der im Quadrat zur Geschwindigkeit wächst, 50-70% ihrer investierten Leistung. Abgesehen von derZerstörung der verwendeten Rohstoffe ist ein solch schlechtes Leistungsverhältnis natürlich immensteuer. Schauberger stellte dieser Zerstörungstechnologie nun eine völlig andere Methode entgegen. Seinen Beobachtungen in der Natur zufolge arbeitet die Natur für den Lebensaufbau nach dem Zugprinzip. In der Natur gibt es sowohl das Druckprinzip als auch das Zugprinzip. Das Druckprinzip wirkt auflösend,
zersetzend und wird zur Auflösung abgestorbener Organismen (Pflanzen, Tierkadaver etc.) gebraucht;
das Zugprinzip wirkt zusammenziehend, aufbauend; das Wachstum der Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen
beruht auf dem Zugprinzip und der damit verbundenen Implosion.
Die Implosion ist das Gegenstück zur Explosion und wirkt strukturverkleinernd, verdichtend. Diese
Verdichtung führt zu einer Abnahme des Reibungswiderstandes und einer Abkühlung. Thermische
Energie wird also in höhere Energieformen - Bewegungs-, Wachstums-, Lebensenergie - umgewandelt
und damit ist der Entropiesatz in Frage gestellt.
Der Entropiesatz gilt für geschlossene Systeme. Dieses feine Detail in der Formulierung des 2.
Thermodynamischen Hauptsatzes ist entscheidend. Nur in geschlossenen Systemen gilt dieses Gesetz.
Daß die heutige Physik nicht in der Lage ist, in offenen Systemen zu denken, ist Ursache für die
Dogmatisierung des Satzes. Die Frage erhebt sich, ob die Natur ein geschlossenes oder offenes
System ist. Schauberger beobachtete in der Natur, in der Bewegung des Wassers und der Luft, den Wachstumsformen der Pflanzen und Tiere und gewissen unerklärlichen Phänomenen wie z.B. der
Standforelle immer wieder die Wirbel- oder Spiralform. Die Spirale ist schon mathematisch ein offenes
System, das sich zwischen den beiden Polen Null und Unendlich bewegt ohne sie jemals zu erreichen.Die Spiralform und die aus ihr ableitbaren Ei-, Tropfen- und Kelchformen sind die grundlegenden
Abbildungsprinzipien in der Natur. Alles Leben geht aus dem Ei (im Falle der Tiere und Menschen,
auch Samenformen der Pflanzen) oder dem Kelch (im Falle der Pflanzen) hervor. Wer genau
hinschaut, findet die Eiform auch in dem Umriß vieler Bäume, in der Form unseres Kopfes und in
vielen anderen Alltäglichen Erscheinungsformen. „In der Natur gibt es keine geraden Linien“, war ein Ausspruch von Schauberger. Kurven, Wellen,gebogene und geschwungene Formsssen, die Herzform, die Nierenform, das Unregelmäßige und Asymetrische sind die Merkmale des Lebens. Spiralige Einwirbelungen als Fließprinzip des Blutes Unser Blutkreislauf beispielsweise beruht auf dem Prinzip der spiralförmigen Einrollung des Blutes. Durch diese Einrollung entsteht wieder die besagte Verdichtung des Mediums, es entsteht ein;Unterdruck und das Medium nimmt ziehende Eigenschaften an. Die heutige Vorstellung, bei dem Herzen handele es sich um eine Druckpumpe, ist nach Schauberger eine irrige Annahme. Das kleine Herz könnte niemals das dickflüssige Blut bis in die feinsten Kapillaren der Hände und Füße und durch den gesamten riesigen Blutkreislauf drücke Tatsächlich herrschen hier Zugphänomene vor. Durch die spiralförmige Bewegung bekommt das Blut -genauso wie das Wasser in den Bächen und Flüssen - einen achsmittigen Vortrieb. Der Licht- und Luftabschluß ist hierbei notwendige Voraussetzung, wie auch jeder Sauerstoffkontakt des Blutes
unbedingt vermieden werden muß, um nicht eine tödliche Embolie herbeizuführen. Schauberger hatte dieses Phänomen in den Gebirgsbächen beobachtet und spricht in diesem Zusammenhang nicht nur von der Trag- und Schleppkraft des Wassers, das im gesunden,naturrichtigen Zustand das Geröll im Bachbett mittransportieren kann, sondern auch von seiner Selbstreinigungs- und Vermehrungskraft. Wie auch in der Schulwissenschaft bekannt ist, hat das Wasser bei +4° C, dem Anomaliepunkt, seine größte Dichte und damit seine größte Tragkraft.Naturrichtig fließendes Wasser nähert sich immer dem Anomaliepunkt an, d.h. Wärme wird verzehrt
und in Bewegung oder Wasserwachstum umgewandelt. Wachstum ist praktisch das Ergebnis der Implosion, der Strukturverdichtung. Naturrichtig fließendes Wasser fließt in Wirbeln, Wellen, Strudeln.Jeder Stein im Bachbett wirbelt das Wasser ein, und in der Achsmitte der Spirale finden Prozesse statt, die mit dem mechanistischen Weltbild nicht mehr erklärt oder verstanden werden können. Spiral- und Hyperbelformen sind nur mit einer nicht-euklidischen Mathematik beschreibbar und es ist erstaunlich und bezeichnend zugleich, daß die heutige Mathematik und Physik praktisch keine nichteuklidischen Strukturen beschreibt. (1. Spiralen und Hyperbeln können mit der euklidischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. 2. Die Physik verwendet in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie von Albert
Einstein nicht-euklidische Geometiren.) Die nicht-euklidische Mathematik fristet ein unterentwickeltes. Dasein am Rande der Institute. Bis dato gibt es in der offiziellen Schulwissenschaft keine Formel zur Berechnung der Eiform. Nur Walter Schauberger, Maschinenbauingenieur und Sohn von Viktor Schauberger, hat zusammen mit dem Mathematiker Trusnitz die Formeln zur Berechnung von
Hyperbeln und Eiformen entwickelt und in einer konsequenten nicht-euklidischen Mathematik
zusammengefaßt (siehe dazu: Tattva Viveka Nr. 10, Claus Radlberger: Der hyperbolische Kegel). In der seelischen Achsmitte der Spirale werden nun nach Viktor Schauberger raum- und masselose Kräfte in die Materie gebunden. Diese Kräfte sind metaphysischer Zustandsart. Für Viktor Schauberger ist das Leben ein Phänomen, das über die materielle Ebene hinausgeht. Das Leben kommt aus einer
metaphysischen, spirituellen Dimension und manifestiert sich im Wachstum und den Körpern der Lebewesen. Dabei sah er auch in dem Planet Erde ein Lebewesen, und das Wasser bezeichnete er als das Blut der Erde. Zu bemerken wäre in diesem Zusammenhang, daß die planetare Bewegung der Erde auch eine Doppelspiralform beschreibt. Da sich die Sonne um ein Zentrum in der Galaxis (hinter
den Plejaden, Die Plejaden sind zu nahe) bewegt, ist die Bahn der Erde um die Sonne keine Kreisoder
Ellipsenbahn, sondern eine offene Spiralbahn. Zusammen mit der Eigenrotation bildet dies eine Doppelspirale. Auch hier also finden wir wieder die für den Lebensaufbau wichtige Spiralbewegung. In der Implosion der Aufbaubewegung entdeckte Schauberger nun noch eine dynamische Energie: die Levitationsenergie. Wie die Implosion das Gegenstück zur Explosion ist, so ist die Levitation das Gegenstück zur Gravitation. Nicht nur Schwere und Gewicht finden wir in der Natur, sondern auch
Auftrieb und Erhebung. Das ist der Grund, warum die Bäume nach oben wachsen, warum wir aufrecht
gehen, warum wir unsere Körper so leicht bewegen können. Die Blutbewegung erzeugt Levitationskraft; ebenso wie die planetare Bewegung die Erde in der Schwebe hält, bekommt unser Körper durch die Blut- und Säftebewegung einen Auftrieb. Das Wachstum und die Körpermasse ist in
diesem Sinne die Bremse, um unsere Geist-Körper-Einheit im labilen Gleichgewicht zu halten. Ohne Körper würden wir sofort ins Nirwana zurückgehen, wie Schauberger schreibt.
Mit dieser Levitationskraft kommen wir nun zum Kern der freien Energie, wie sie Schauberger in der Forellenturbine anwendete. Das Prinzip der Forellenturbine. Durch eine naturrichtige Bewegung der Medien Wasser oder Luft können Levitationsphänomene maschinell erzeugt werden. Hierbei werden die Medien gereinigt und veredelt.
399 Die Levitationskraft entdeckte Viktor Schauberger, als er die Forelle beobachtete. Die Standforellen sind in der Lage, in reißenden Gebirgsbächen bewegungslos zu stehen und sich das Futter „arbeitslos“ ins Maul schwimmen zu lassen. In der Laichzeit überwinden sie meterhohe Wasserfälle, um an die Laichplätze im Quellgebiet zu gelangen. Wenn man die in der Strömung stehenden Forellen aufschreckt, fliehen sie nicht etwa stromabwärts, wie der mechanistisch geschulte Geist vermuten würde, sondern stromaufwärts, gegen die Strömung. Dies gelingt ihnen blitzartig mit einer sehr hohen Geschwindigkeit. Schauberger fragte sich immer wieder, wie dies möglich sei. Eine Forelle, die man an
der Angel mit der Strömung zieht, erstickt sogar. Welche Kräfte wirken hier?
Die Forelle nimmt Wasser durch den Mund auf und läßt es durch die Kiemen wieder austreten. In den Kiemen befinden sich Tausende von mikroskopischen Leitschienen, die das Wasser in eine starke Einrollbewegung bringen. Unter Mitwirkung bestimmter in den Kiemen lokalisierter Spurenelemente wird das Wasser energetisiert und „juveniles Neuwasser“ aufgebaut. Dieses juvenile Wasser hat andere physikalische Eigenschaften als das Bachwasser und es kommt zu Reaktionen. Die Tropfenform des Fischkörpers schwebt in einem Mantel solcher Reaktionen, die wie ein Gegendruck zur Strömung des Baches wirken. Durch die Kiemenregulierung kann die Forelle dann entweder bewegungslos stehen oder blitzschnell stromaufwärts schwimmen. In den tausenden
Einrollbewegungen des Wassers werden Implosionen (Neuwasserentstehung) und Levitationsenergien
freigesetzt. Schauberger spricht in diesem Zusammenhang von einem Seelenband, das von der Mündung zur Quelle geht. Dieses Seelenband ist der Fluß der Levitationsenergie, der umgekehrt zum Wasserfluß fließt. Neueste Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß die Länge eines Flusses immer3,14mal so lang ist wie die Luftlinie von der Quelle zur Mündung (3,14 = Pi). Der gesamte Fluß bildet
also eine organische Einheit, die natürlich durch künstliche Staustufen oder Begradigungen nachhaltig gestört wird.
Die Forelle nutzt diesen Levitationsfluß und steht damit in der Strömung oder schwebt in Wasserfällen nach oben. Das gleiche Phänomen haben wir bei den Vögeln, wo durch die Federn Millionen von kleinsten Luftwirbeln erzeugt werden, die den Vogel in einer Auftriebsenergie tragen. Schauberger
nannte dieses Phänomen auch „biologisches Vakuum“, das durch die Verdichtung der Luft entsteht. Dieses biologische Vakuum bildet sich über dem Vogelkörper und ermöglicht ihm so den Flug.Schauberger pflegte zu sagen, daß die Vögel nicht fliegen, sondern geflogen werden. Der Fisch
schwimmt nicht, sondern wird geschwommen. Die Forellenturbine kopiert diese Phänomene. Schauberger entwickelte eine sogenannte„Mäanderscheibe“, eine kreisrunde Kupferplatte mit einem Wellenprofil ähnlich wie es eine Wasseroberfläche aufweist, auf die gerade ein Tropfen oder ein Stein aufgetroffen ist. Eine zweite Platte befand sich umgekehrt darüber. Das Wasser wurde nun von oben mittig in den Zwischenraum zwischen den sich drehenden Mäanderscheiben eingeleitet. Durch die Kombination von achsialer und radialer Bewegung in dem Wellenprofil erreichte er eine doppelspiralförmige Drehung
400 des Wassers. Das Wasser trat dann am Rand der Mäanderscheibe aus und wurde in Doppeldrallrohre
eingeleitet. Diese hatten einen konisch sich verjüngenden Querschnitt, ein spezifisch eiförmiges Profil und eine spiralförmige Verdrillung. Die Rohre selbst waren nocheinmal spiralförmig zur Achsmitte der Maschine hin eingerollt. Das Wasser wurde damit in eine zentripetale Bewegungsrichtung gebracht. In der Kombination dieser Bewegungsformen erreichte Schauberger ein Vorherrschen der Zugenergie, die unter anderem bewirkte, daß Wasser kontinuierlich von unten nachgesaugt wurde, das Wasser
also nach einem erstmaligen Anstoß durch einen Anlasser nach und nach von selbst den Kreislauf durchlief. Das Profil und die Spiralform der Rohre kopierten die natürliche Fließbewegung des Wassers und bewirkten dadurch eine Abnahme des Reibungswiderstandes, der schließlich negativ wurde, also ziehende Eigenschaften annahm. Im Bereich der Zugkraft wirkt laut Schauberger nicht mehr der im Quadrat zur Geschwindigkeit wachsende Widerstand, sondern die im Quadrat zur Beschleunigung wachsende Leistung. Das Ende der Einrollung des Wasser bildete eine zentrifugale Anordnung der Rohre, wo eine Düse in Form einer Zugschraube das Wasser mit großem Druck auf eine Turbinenleitschaufel abstrahlte. An dem Turbinenrad konnte dann Bewegungsenergie ausgekoppelt werden. Schauberger bezeichnete diese Apparaturen als lebende Maschinen, da sie den natürlichen Lebensaufbau kopierten. Sie arbeiteten auf der Basis eines rhythmischen Wechselspiels von Druck und Zug, sie pulsierten, weshalb er sie 401 auch Repulsine und Repulsator nannte. Eine frühe Entwicklung, die als Flugscheibe in die Geschichte
einging, hatte einen nachgebildeten Kiemenring aus Aluminium, der die Verwirbelung der in diesem Falle verwendeten Luft bewirkte. Die Levitationsenergie bewirkte ein Aufschweben der Scheibe. Insgesamt entwickelte Schauberger auf der Basis dieses Prinzips Implosionsmaschinen zur Erzeugung von Energie, Fluggeräte, Schiffe und Unterseeboote sowie Heizungen und Beleuchtungsanlagen. Darüber wird in späteren Artikeln berichtet.Schauberger widmete sein ganzes Leben der Konstruktion dieser Maschinen, wurde aber so oft
angefeindet, bestohlen und behindert, daß bis heute der eindeutige Nachweis für die Funktionstüchtigkeit der Geräte aussteht. Schauberger selbst behielt seine Konstruktionsgeheimnisse für sich.Schon in den fünfziger Jahren warnte er vor den Gefahren der zersetzenden Atomkraft und der unnatürlich Behandlung von Land und Wasser. Sein Sohn Walter gründete bereits in den fünfziger Jahren die „Grüne Front“, eine ökologische Bewegung in Österreich. Heute erst ist das Bewußtsein für die ökologischen Probleme unserer Feuer- und Explosionstechnologie so weit gewachsen, daß neuartige Ansätze auf offene Ohren stoßen. Schauberger ist so neuartig, daß es einer gewaltigen Offenheit im Geiste braucht, um ihn zu verstehen. Das Werk Schaubergers ist mittlerweile weltweit bekannt und erlebt in jüngster Zeit eine große Renaissance. Die Erforschung und technische
Entwicklung dieser Maschinen ist jedoch ein gewaltige Aufgabe, die viel Geld und Zeit kosten wird.Bevor aber das notwendige Bewußtsein einer neuen Sicht der Natur und der Physik der Natur nicht entwickelt ist, wird jeder maschinenbauliche Versuch der Herstellung solcher Geräte zum Scheitern verurteilt sein. Zuerst müssen wir uns in die Gedankenwelt Viktor Schaubergers hineinversetzen, seine
hinterlassenen Schriften und Zeichnungen immer und immer wieder studieren, bis wir den inneren Wesenskern der Natur und des Lebens verstehen. Auf jeden Fall bietet das Schaubergerische Wissen einen Ansatz für eine Technologie für das 3. Jahrtausend. Zum Abschluß sei ein Zitat von Schauberger angeführt, um dem Leser den Originalton nicht vorzuenthalten. Zur „Todestechnik“; schreibt er:„Den Reigen in diesem Treiben schließt aber der Energietechniker. Die Kohle, das Brot der Erde, und,wo es noch in ausreichendem Maße vorhanden ist, das Wasser, ihr Blut, sorgen für die Gewinnung von Energien. Wenige Jahrzehnte erst wühlt der Mensch in diesem zufällig gefundenen Reichtum.Immer weniger und schlechter wird das Triebwasser seiner Werke, immer gewaltiger werden die Katastrophen auf der Erde, weil ihr der Mensch die Kohlenstoffe - ihr Brot -, das Wasser - ihr Blut gestohlen hat. Unentwegt arbeitet der Mensch aber weiter und immer größer wird sein Elend.“ (zitiert nach: Olof Alexandersson, Lebendes Wasser, S. 90f.)

www.principality-of-sealand.ch/pdf/Mental-Ray_de_Das_Vril...

There are many sex positions that couples would love. For example, missionary, doggy style, cowgirl and spoon are some of the most commonly loved sex positions of all. Any couple would love to try other sex positions. However, you need to experience a few sex positions to the fullest. For example, there are couples who prefer spoon sex position in the morning as it is one of the best positions to have sex when you are tired.

Read more at: www.indiansutras.com/spice-up/2013/spoon-sex-position-000...
Pretzel Pose
Sitting on your guy’s lap with his arms around you and the both of you practically chest-to-chest, this is a particularly fun position. It also lets you take control when your man leaves his hands by his sides.
Face-to-Face
Sure, this pose is a bit rough of both parties’ knees (have cushions handy!), but this sexy position offers both you and your man the ability to take control. You and he can also lean slightly back for an even more fantastic feel!
All Tangled Up
This is a perfect position for the ultimate in closeness! As you wrap your legs around your man, he can also choose to do the same. The full-body contact also leads to greater face-to-face contact, allowing you to pepper your beau’s face with kisses.
The Pliers
This is a particularly intimate position that offers deep penetration and a great feeling as your hips are slightly off the ground. Eye contact remains, but you can also have some fun by paying some attention to your man’s legs, which are in close proximity!

JM BASQUIAT and the DRAGON in MARSEILLE. The word "dragon" comes from the Indo-European word drakon (Greek) and draco (Latin) ("to see clearly", "piercing gaze"). In alchemy, the dragon represents the chaos-world that contains a certain potential for order; the dragon is thus the symbol of primordial energy. JM Basquiat painted his dragon almost everywhere, so it's absolutely clear that this isn't street art on Velvet Underground drugs, even if the bourgeois velvet is caressing the street hairs, there's an order behind it, and a hell of an order for the velvet-lined guys of the esoteric federations. "To Whites every Black holds a potential knife behind the back, and to every Black the White is concealing a whip." - René Ricard, "The Radiant Child," 1984
Do you remember the moment in your childhood when you woke up to the dangers and injustices of the adult world? In the life Jean-Michel Basquiat, an American artist of Haitian/Puerto-Rican descent, that moment -- in which he glimpsed the hidden knives and whips -- stretched from his troubled early teens until his death at the age of twenty-seven in 1988. Money, fame and drugs never dimmed the visions of racial injustice and historical abuses of power that both haunted him and fueled his imagination. Jean's sustained adolescent rage became the engine of his bracingly original art. To cope, and to assert his individualism, Basquiat developed an aesthetic parallel universe with its own impenetrable language of words, signs and symbols. In the words of Marc Mayer, the Director of the National Gallery of Canada, Basquiat "...speaks articulately while dodging the full impact of clarity like a matador." An auto-didact whose work parodies and subverts education and history, Jean-Michel Basquiat was the greatest outsider artist of the Twentieth Century.

Since his death, the art market has increasingly anointed him as one of its greatest insiders. Thousands of artists, would-be-artists, and poseurs have tried to emulate his trenchant precocity, and the results have been predictably lame. Basquiat's prickly intelligence is hard to match, and the esoteric poesia of his finest works is impossible to imitate.
At Gagosian Gallery, on West 24th Street, an exhibition of over fifty works includes Basquiat's "In Italian," a quasi-religious diptych which displays an inflamed, contrarian and ultimately indecipherable commentary. It is worth commenting that this vital painting is now thirty years old: three years older than Basquiat was when he died of a drug overdose. The initiated alchemists who trained him? Did they overdose?
Dragons are the heirs of the chthonic creatures of Indo-European mythologies, which most often took the form of monstrous snakes.
In the end, dragon symbolism mainly refers to the following elements :

celestial power,
natural forces: raw energy to be harnessed,
cycles and the power of metamorphosis,
mystery, the hidden, darkness,
anger,
evil (Christian approach),
ignorance or knowledge,
trial: the dragon must be fought to restore order to the world,
heroism: defeating the dragon, or riding it like a horse, means becoming a hero, accessing the mysteries of life and immortality, becoming wise,
combat and war: the dragon is present on many coats of arms and military emblems,
duality: quite often, dragons come in pairs, circling each other and devouring each other, symbolizing positive and negative, or yin and yang intertwined.
The title of the work offers viewers a suggestion -- that the painting is "In Italian" -- but there are several languages required to "read" the image. Basquiat often included words in his paintings and "In Italian" does have a single Italian word "SANGUE," (blood) which has been crossed out and replaced by its Latin counterpart:"SANGRE." There are also phrases and words in English, a mangled Italian name - is it Paulo? - and one word each in Spanish (AGUA) and Dutch (HOEK). So, inquiring visitors to Gagosian Gallery might start by asking: "Why the reference to Italian?" Blood is the HOLY GRAIL? It's up to you...
Italy and Italians played a major role in Jean's short career. The Italian Neo-Expressionist painter Sandro Chia was an early advocate for Basquiat's work, and helped introduced Jean to a dealer who had recently moved from Rome to SoHo: Annina Nosei. Basquiat later became friendly with artists Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi, and his first one-man show - "Paintings by SAMO" -- was held at the Emilio Mazzoli Gallery in Modena in May of 1981.

Basquiat, who did not keep track of how many works he gave to Mazzoli, later told friends that the dealer had gotten a "bulk deal" and had ripped him off. On his second trip to Italy some years later Basquiat was detained by Italian customs officials before his departure, as the much wiser artist was carrying roughly $100k in cash, a sum they couldn't believe a young black visitor had earned simply by selling paintings.

Of course the title "In Italian" may not have anything to do with Jean's experiences in Italy. It may simply be a way of saying that the painting is in a graffiti style. The term "graffiti" was first coined to describe the inscriptions and drawings found on the walls of ancient Roman ruins and later evolved to take on the connotation of vandalism.
The main character of "In Italian" - a blue headed figure on the right panel - seems to stand for some kind of Christ as he might have appeared in a Baroque painting. After all, the phrase "CROWN OF THORNS" is printed above his cranium, with "THORNS" crossed out. The words SANGRE (Spanish for blood) and CORPUS© (Latin for body) are among other words and markings that appear on the figure's body, seemingly added up by a yellow cross that might be a plus sign which turns them into some sort of equation. Christ-like figures with floating crowns of thorns and African features make notable appearances in other Basquiat works.

In the left panel, the carefully labeled "DIAGRAM OF THE HEART PUMPING BLOOD" might be a reference to the "Sacred Heart," a symbolic representation of Christ's love for humanity, and also an emblem for many Roman Catholic institutions. It should be mentioned that although Jean did attend a Catholic high school -- where religious images must have made an impression -- he used religious imagery in a free-wheeling and personal way, hybridizing and personalizing holistically form and esoterics rites.
Added to this Voudou/Catholic mix of esoterica are two images of Washington quarters, both dated 1951. Is it possible that the year 1951 refers to the beginnings of the American Civil Rights movement? It was, after all, the year that the father of an 8-year old African American sued the Kansas State School Board so that his daughter could attend an all-white school. That may or may not be the case, but in the left panel of "In Italian" LIBERTY is suspiciously crossed out and "IN GOD WE TRUST" is reduced to a sarcastic scrawl. Also, the. Freemason George Washington's right eye stares directly at the viewer, giving gallery-goers the creepy "mirada fuerte" (strong gaze) found in many Picasso portraits. Picasso was initiated with Braque by the MARTINIST lodge in Paris.

Those familiar with Basquiat's life story will also recognize that the heart diagram was likely recalled from Jean's early study of the book "Gray's Anatomy," which he read with morbid curiosity while recovering from being struck by a car when he was very young. And as it turns out, the "Christ" figure actually began as a portrait of Basquiat's friend and studio assistant Stephen Torton, who later recalled that Jean added the "CROWN OF THORNS" inscription after the two of them fought over a woman. One of the interesting aspects of "In Italian" is that it is, to some degree, a collaboration. Stephen Torton made its distinctive criss-crossed stretcher bars, and a graffiti artist known as "A1" made the group of small attached canvases that Basquiat biographer Eric Fretz says are like the small panels often found on the "predella" (platform) of an altarpiece.
Puzzling out Jean's meanings is an engaging game, but "In Italian" was never meant to be translated. Jean's best works manage to pull off a balancing act: they mix references, cultures and images with conviction, but elude coherence. Does "In Italian" have things to say about racism? Very likely, yes. Does it subvert religion, culture and language to make a personal moralistic statement? Probably. Can it be assigned a fixed message? YES for shure!!!!!.

The best way to understand "In Italian" is to keep in mind what Basquiat once said about his art in general: "It's about 80% anger. wich is symbolically the operative alchemy"

I'd say that the other 20% is mystery.????
YES the mystery of the sponsors

JEAN-MICHEL BASQUIAT
February 7 - April 6, 2013
Gagosian Gallery
555 West 24th Street
New York, NY 10011

www.johnseed.com/2013/02/jean-michel-basquiat-80-anger-an...
Artistic creation: What does it take for an artist to be understood? How does some of them remain whereas others are doomed to oblivion?

The first precaution to bear in mind when one look at art as a market is that the extreme valuation of some works is only made ​​possible by their infinite reproducibility. The « authentic » and » original » , ie what economists call « scarcity », those even before the era of mass reproduction , reach insane prices (it is as simple as that) as a mechanical effect.

From that point of view, the impressionists figure stars from which one may only contemplate an incident light. A light from a period before the great slaughter of 1914-1945 , which europeans can only look across an abysmal gap. There is also an emotional aspect, in addition to let’s say « unreasonable » pricing of some works of art that has something to do with neurotically clinging to relics from before the great ruin. Painters from that time maybe had a pre- science , an intuition of a world about to be upset, as their work also is a celebration of being present to life, with the palms of virtuosity handed over the first of them , Claude Monet. Like a golden age forever lost .

Andy Warhol, a friend and mentor of Jean- Michel Basquiat, took his position in the so called Western (as maybe « nevermore » european) field of art with intelligent insight, the specific era he had to deal with, while at the same symbolizing it in his work , focusing on copying large scale drawing, or drawing soups cans, so that contemporary art acquires its full role of figuration of the forces specific to the society he lived in. And also, their very effect on our souls , as a work of art is, by its gross futility, a mirror to our inner selves. His artistic gesture was at once the testimony of an aesthetic distress and a strong sense of political commitment.

Andy Warhol came back to drawing in the evening of his life under the caring and filial influence of Jean-Michel Basquiat, as a return to the fundamental unity of the artistic gesture, with a pleasure of its own, the irreducible experience, so fundamentally human, that is the practice of an art. Here is for: They were artists, and no marketers.

Jean-Michel Basquiat died in 1988. His success disturbed many of the self proclaimed guardians of good taste in the world of contemporary art. But if the guardians of the temple of good taste were disturbed in their sleep, it’s somewhat that they felt threatened.

The life and works of Basquiat, besides being very illustrative of his time, raise questions of many kind. In particular, our fate as organic beings in a society magneted by an ultra liberalized economy. Yes, nothing less.

What makes that one is an artist or not? Basquiat’s life was a comet soon broken. He died at 27 years of a heroin overdose. His fate belonged to the deadly trap of a toxic parental couple. Yet Jean-Michel Basquiat was the custodian of a powerful and mysterious force, closely linked to his Haitian origins (iwa). This strength led him to assume the function of a messenger. Our collective unconscious is bathed in ancient mythology. Jean-Michel Basquiat comet awakens the imago of mythical Hermes, messenger of the gods. He was kind of a summary of the eighties, promised to speed and brilliance. The coherence of his life and work confirms the healthy bias to consider man as a total being. Man is language. From birth to death. Oscar Wilde had drawn our attention on the fact that his life was his real work of art … his material production were only second, ensuring his position as a tolerable living being to others, market, society, history, etc …


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Why does this artist so undeniably talented (he’s not the only one) stay in our collective mind? What makes that his work skyrockets in the market of contemporary art? The highest New York society, the aristocracy of finance and short-lived success, this part of the apple led by men of utmost anxiety about death and time, decided to make him a king. Or is that his talent had something magical, an occult truth that is communicated only to a certain level of our subconscious? Jean-Michel Basquiat, like many artists, was a medium. The top of the toast ot the town is at the toast of the town because there the fear of losing is the strongest. No other place in society is inhabited by such a centrifugal force. Homo homini lupus (the wolf is the social animal par excellence). The anxiety was particularly acute in the 80’s when some financial successes were exponential however speculative: the feeling of usurpation exploded in the unconscious. As such, Jean-Michel Basquiat cleverly played the role of the Court Jester. Taking the political position of belonging to a minority as an emblem, he plays on the guiltiness of the dominant. He is the little particle of sand in the infernal machinery of a perfect anattainable Eden that some of us desperately try to realize on earth, voracious of broken dreams, fueled with the energy of individuals neurotically clutched to existence, always wanting more, more and more … to the point that they are eternally hungry (see in this respect the main character of American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis). Basquiat himself had no illusions about what he desired: the best of what Manhattan had to offer: money, success, fame. In the 80s, « everything was possible » Surprisingly, we say « everything is possible » when so little is.


His art, falsely spontaneous, extremely refined, claims his belonging to a dynasty of great painters. But it also expresses, among other things, the voice of the minorities, enslaved and humiliated, that helped build a powerful nation. He sensed, in the 80s, that their time was about to come. Those who have nothing to lose. So he strikes where it hurts. First as a graffiti artist: Origin of Cotton (see below) right on the wall of a factory. An accurate summary of what needs to be expressed here in the context of the sparkling success of the Reagan years. For those at the top stuff themselves constantly, they must suffer eternally in Hell. Thus is formed a monstruously organic human economy: a Leviathan, a monster colder than cold. Basquiat, middle class, the son of an accountant, knocks on the door of the elite. His social and geographical mobility comes down to the crossing of the Hudson river. While still homeless at the end of 70s, he wrote short poems on the walls under the name SAMO (Same Old Shit). He is aware that in the city, eyes are everywhere. Manhattan is so small in his greatness, like the ego that make it live, vertical empty and abstract. Finally, it is a land acquired on the exchange of trinkets.

pianopratique.wordpress.com/2011/11/02/jean-michel-basqui...

YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE an uncanny ability to pick up new languages. Not only do they soak up vocabulary, they also construct new sentences of their own. This ability to use grammar is the essence of language. It’s not enough to know the meanings of words, you also have to understand the structures and rules by which words are put together.

The predominant view has been that humans are unique in this ability. But any time that we utter the words ‘uniquely human’, scientists seem to take it as a challenge to disprove this notion. And language is no exception. If you’re looking for the species that most closely matches our linguistic prowess, surprisingly, you won’t find it in the apes, the primates, or even in the mammals. You have to travel to a far more distant relative, all the way to a family of birds known as the songbirds.

The vocal life of a songbird is similar to ours in many ways. They learn songs by imitating their elders. Like human speech, these songs are passed down from one generation to the next. Songbirds are also best equipped to learn songs in their youth, and they have to practice to develop their ability. They can improvise and string together riffs into new songs, and over generations these modified songs can turn into new dialects. And like us, they come hard-wired with ‘speech-centers’ in their brain that are dedicated to language processing.

But languages are not just learned, they can also be invented. A striking example comes from the deaf community of Nicaragua in the 1970s. Back then, deaf people in Nicaragua were isolated both physically and through language. By the 1980s, the government set up schools for the deaf to teach them Spanish and how to lip-read. This turned out to be an unsuccessful endeavor. The teachers were growing increasingly frustrated as they were not getting through to the students.

However, things were quite different from the point of view of the students. For the first time, they were in contact with many other deaf people, and they started to exchange gestures that they had invented in isolation. At first the teachers thought this gesticulation was a kind of mime, but the reality was far more interesting. By getting together and pooling their ideas, these children had actually invented a new type of sign language, complete with its own grammatical structure. Here was proof that a new language could be born out of cultural isolation, a testament to our innate abilities to understand grammar. And in a few generations, users of this language were employing newer, more nuanced grammatical structures.And this re-invention of language has been mirrored in the songbirds. An experiment from 2009 by Fehér and colleagues took newly hatched songbirds of the zebra finch species and raised them in sound proof chambers. They did this during their critical period of language development. Much like the Nicaraguan children, these birds were raised in a world without song. What happened next is quite surprising.

Just like the children, this culturally isolated generation of birds began to develop their own songs. These songs were less musical than your typical songbird song - they had irregular rhythms, they would stutter their notes, and the notes would sound more noisy. But the researchers were curious where this would lead. They listened to the songs of the next few generations of pupils, the offspring of these children of silence. What they found was quite amazing. In just two generations, the songs started to change in unexpected ways - they were becoming more musical. In fact, they started to converge upon the song of the wild songbirds, even though none of these birds had ever heard the wild songs.

I find this a rather poetic thought - these songbirds are somehow carrying within them the songs of their ancestors. This study suggests, but does not prove, that songbirds must have an innate understanding of the structures of their language. In other words, they seem to have a built-in intuition about grammar. Over time, they may be using these intuitions to develop their phrasing and tone.
n mythology, medieval literature and occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical, perfect divine language, green language, Adamic language, Enochian, angelic language or a mythical or magical language used by birds to communicate with the initiated.The “language of birds” has many names; some call it the “Language of the Gods”, others the “Green language”. Michael Sells has referred to this “sacred language” as the “language of unsaying”, whereby the core of what needs to be said, is actually not said, though everyone understands what is being said.
The “language of birds” is therefore the mystical language, by default an unpopular subject amongst scholars, specifically because of the apparent lack of “clarity”: a clear and distinct sense. The sense is inferred. And whereas this may be possible to map in extant languages, when it comes to extinct languages, or even extant languages the way they were spoken in the past, grasping this “undefined core sense” is not an easy task.

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The link with green – as in the Green Language – as the colour of alchemy is never far away, specifically as alchemy is equally “obscure” in its words. Alchemy is not so much obscure in what it tried to do; even when it is clear that the process described is chemical in nature, the substances themselves are difficult if not impossible to identify. Birds are also present in alchemy, specifically the phoenix that rises from its own ashes. But a peacock, the pelican, the white swan and the black crow all feature in alchemy. Birds in general represented the element air, but at the same time, their flight was identical to the ascension to heaven. The phoenix also incorporated the element fire, thus portraying the union of two elements and its transformative – regenerative – outcome. What is “bird language”? On first inspection, it would be the language that the birds use to communicate amongst themselves. It is a language the birds understand, but we humans do not. Largely, it is a system of human communication, which has been around for a very long time, but which is ill-understood. Then again: the ability not to be understood unless by those who were initiated into the language was actually its purpose. Fulcanelli stated that the alchemists had to resort to this means in order to obscure from one that which was to be disclosed to the other. To many, the language of birds is therefore nothing more or less than a series of secret codes and phrases, which pass by in daily conversation, except for those with ears that “hear”. The most famous example of this today are certain key words, learned amongst Masons. Each group and grade of Masons has their own specific keywords, which are largely unrecognisable when spoken in daily conversation. Some of these expressions have nevertheless become part of normal parlance. One Masonic expression is “to give someone the third degree”, referring to the strenuous initiation a third degree mason had to undergo. This, together with a series of handshakes and other signals, identify a person and his role – whereby a non-Mason sitting in on the conversation may be totally unaware of what is going on.

English is largely void of a “green nature”, whereas French seems to be full of it. The words “L’hasard” – coincidence – and “Lazare” – Lazarus – are pronounced identically. But in certain conversations, people will play with these two words, and ask whether it is “L’hasard” or “Lazare”, whereby it is interpreted that “Lazare” is no coincidence at all. Anyone not “in” on the conversation will be completely bewildered and will not understand.

In the final outcome, it is nevertheless clear that Masonic and the “green language” as present in French is more a system of codes than a specific “language”. If anything, they seem to be only remains of what was once perhaps a vast system of knowledge. Some have described the “language of birds” as “the tongue of Secret Wisdom. Its vocabulary is myth. Its grammar is symbolism.” They argue that the development of the written language and the language of birds go hand in hand. According to the Fables of Caius Juliius Hyginus, the god Mercury (the Greek Hermes) invented the alphabet by watching cranes, because “cranes make letters as they fly”. The Egyptian god of writing is Thoth, and his animal is actually a bird: the ibis. For the Egyptians, hieroglyphics therefore was the language of birds – and one often recurring hieroglyph is a bird itself.

Hieroglyphics is a symbolic system of writing. Some have argued that hieroglyphs were indeed the “sacred – secret – language” of the Gods, specifically because they were symbols – and the Egyptians only used them within a religious setting. Though they were an alphabet, it is felt that at some point, the symbol itself had a meaning, which is now lost. What Champollion was able to decode, was only the basest of its nature – and no-one has since been able to fathom its deepest meaning. The origin of the “bird language” may go back to primitive societies. When shamans enter a trance, they attempt to speak the language of nature; they are said to speak “the language of birds”. Historians of religion have documented this phenomenon around the entire world and depictions of shamans with wings or as a bird are common.

One biblical example is King Solomon. Solomon was told that he would “be able to understand the language of the birds and beasts… Then Solomon woke up from his dream. He wondered if God had really spoken to him or whether it had been a spirit beguiling him in his dreams. Then he heard the birds squawking and twittering to each other in his garden below. He heard one suddenly cry out, ‘Silly birds — stop all this noise! Don’t you know that the God has just given Solomon the ability to understand what we say and to make us do as he wishes!’” In these societies, bird language is usually learnt by eating snake or some other magical animal. These animals can reveal the secrets of the future because they are thought to be receptacles for the souls of the dead or epiphanies of the gods. The birds are psychopomps, as birds were believed to undertake the ecstatic journey to the sky and beyond; they made the voyage to the Otherworld. Equally, serpents were said to be able to understand the language of birds.

In Christian tradition, some saints are said to have communicated with the animals, whereas the exploits of St Patrick in Ireland, which involves both flight and snakes, clearly have the saint following in the footstep of the “Celtic shamans”. Still, Robert Temple has argued that this “language of birds” was in essence a large con, practiced by the oracles of the ancient world. He argues that the “language of birds” was in fact a form of communication: birds were used as messenger services, as they would be throughout history, until the advent of modern means of communication. The ancient Greek world would use them to dispatch information across the nation, whereby the oracles were the first to receive this information. Therefore, Temple claims, what they prophesized was not so much “Otherworldly”, but merely information from elsewhere in this world, dispatched by “express pigeon”, to give the oracles the semblance of psychic ability. Most authors, including Andrew Collins, in From the Ashes of Angels: The Forbidden Legacy of a Fallen Race, argue that the origins of the association of the bird and the shaman should be sought within the anthropological realm. He and others have shown that shamans often dressed up as a bird, or used the feathers of a bird to resemble a bird. From a man dressed with feathers to an angel is a small step. Furthermore, the link between the shaman and the bird occurs specifically because in a trance, the shaman is said to be able to fly – like angels. But the connection goes beyond this. In the tenth Homiliarum in Ezcechielem, Gregory the Great compared the music of the angels, heard in the heavenly spheres, to birds’ singing. This was then encapsulated in the “Gregorian chants” that became famous throughout the Christian world – and which continue to lure people to churches.

Still, the angels were said not to speak; like birds, they articulated sounds in the air. At the same time, the sound that was produced was not their mode of communication; angels – like shamans – were believed to be psychic – they only required thoughts to communicate; there was no need for a “language” and the “music of the spheres” was merely the outcome; in short, music had to be dissociated from its lyrics, for in origin, music was either felt to be instrumental, or “Gregorian”. People who are fluent in several languages – including many autistic people – know that thinking often occurs in symbols. They will see an apple, but need to scan their brain for the word, sometimes in all languages, some only in a few. Learning to speak is exactly that: the process by which we associate words with shapes. “Apple.” “House.” “Car.” Words such as “altruistic” or “disingenuous” only come about at a much later state; not because they are more difficult, but because they themselves require a definition that is based on other words.

So where does this leave the language of birds? Some argue that modern languages are a diminutive form of an original, “non-linguistic language”, which is precisely the origin of the “language of birds”. It echoes the story of the Tower of Babel and the scattering of the tongues. It is therefore an interesting phenomenon to note that English, which is a very basic language when compared to other extinct and extant forms of verbal communication, is making major inroads in uniting the world once again in a common tongue. Some have even joked that we are getting God back on the Tower of Babel.

So where does this leave the language of birds? Was it indeed a communication of symbols – whereby the core needs to be divined, and remains elusive, unless “understood”? Does it underline the old distinction between “hearing” and “understanding”? Was hieroglyphics an attempt to bring down into the material world this “divine language”, whereby symbols were transformed into letters – whereby we are now no longer able to grasp their core meanings? Birds in the Egyptian alphabet include the Egyptian vulture, the owl and the quail chick. As such, each played a part in the divine utterances of the Egyptian gods, and their message to the nation. But it was the Bennu bird’s cry at the creation of the world that marked the beginning of time… for the Egyptians, the primeval scream was that of a bird…
Language of the Birds as “the language which teaches the mystery of things and unveils the most hidden truths.” Often called the Green language or language of the gods, this sacred form of communication is believed to reveal the most perfect knowledge and secret wisdom to those initiated into its wonder.

Considering the different names applied to this hidden language may provide hints on how it is learned or re-discovered. The association of the language with the color green gives the impression the language is one which comes with new life or a reconnection. As mentioned, while discussing The Green Cross, the color green has been seen for centuries to signify rebirth. A possible indication a person who understands the mysterious green language may have been spiritually awakened.

Taking into account other clues, one may ponder the attributes of birds for their relation to the mysterious wisdom. Most notably are the bird’s songs. Music is well known to hold great power. If man is quiet enough, the beautiful sounds relax and uplift. A pastor friend, who has worked with terminally ill patients, shares the following comforting effects of song; “in knowing their time has come, prepared to go, but struggling to let go, I ask if they mind if I hum a song to ease them. Humming a tune and holding their hand, the soothing sound soon connects to something deep within and they peacefully pass.”

Although this account is one of sadness, it conveys the strong touching sense of harmonious song. Perhaps the Language of the Birds is a music which speaks straight to the soul. To know a connection to the Divine, here now on Earth, could bring a welcomed peace to the common demands and bustle of this world.

Fulcanelli stated it was through Jesus sending his Spirit to his Apostles that caused the green language to be revealed to them. One may wonder if the song of the Dove, symbol of the Spirit, may be of importance to understanding the secret language; or if there is a link to Psalms 40:1, “He puts a new song in my mouth.”

However, the Language of the Birds transcends systems and has been seen in various ways for thousands of years. During the founding of the city of Rome in 753 BC, Romulus and Remus are said to have settled an argument about which hill to build the first site, by use of Augury. Augury is a form of divination by birds. The flight formation, noises, or kinds of birds (a language of birds) were believed to reveal the will of the gods. Romulus, seeing more birds than Remus, claimed victory, and went on to build around Palatine Hill. From this myth, this language of the birds is recognized to communicate the Will from above.

In Agrippa’s Three Books of Occult Philosophy, there is mention of another parallel form of divination; the divining of the liver, called haruspicy. Most commonly used was that of a sheep liver, but sometimes the liver of poultry was known to be employed. The liver, seen as a life force, was regarded like a mirror of heaven. Different marks noticed on different sections would convey the will of the Gods to the sage.

This practice is identified with an ancient board game called the Royal Game of Ur or Game of Twenty Squares. Dating back to 2600BC, the game held deep spiritual significance. Like many ancient games, they have been discovered buried inside tombs and believed to aid in the afterlife. Played during life, possibly during rituals, they offered assurance of a life after death.

Found etched on a model of a sheep liver at excavations of Kamid el Loz was a board of Twenty Squares. This clay model is believed to have been used to teach and/or record the results of divination by the liver. The combination of game board and clay liver model, used for divination, attests the mutual importance of sacredness to both.

Curiously, on a cuneiform tablet written in 177 BC, rules for playing the game of Twenty Squares were inscribed and included names of five gaming pieces characterized as birds; Storm-bird, Rooster, Swallow, Raven, and Eagle. Although the tablet discloses directions for game playing (as translated by Irving Finkel), these ‘five flying game pieces’, portray birds which could signify the remnants of past divination beliefs. Here, the birds, moving across the board, recorded and revealed the will of the gods by spaces they landed on. The Language of Birds, seen again, to communicate knowledge from above with rolls of the dice.

On a brief side note, another interesting game board of Twenty Squares (of different design) was formed from the image of an entwining snake. Inside the coils were the spaces to land on. Where the head and tail of the snake met (similar to ouroborus), marked the position where the player’s piece was believed to have escaped the ‘board’.


Talking about games may seem to some as a distraction from discovering the meaning of the Language of the Birds. However, games have transcended and spread through all cultures. They are one of the first inventions of civilizations and often incorporate beliefs and visions of the time. Many symbolized and represented deeper meanings to life.

A 1283 AD manuscript, called Alfonso X’s Book of Games begins by saying games were created because “God wanted man to have every manner of happiness.” Games were said to give that delight. In the same manuscript, games are used to demonstrate crucial values of life. Playing the games gave awareness and experience to situations found outside of the game.

Presently, there is a game called Mad Gab which some people may like to see Fulcanelli and Henri Boudet play (if it were possible). Boudet was the author of The True Celtic Language and the Cromlech of Rennes-les-Bains. The game of Mad Gab shares one of the important concepts suggested by these two men; the play of words by sound. Fulcanelli connects it with the Language of the Birds.

An example of this coded language is shared within Gerard de Sede’s book, The Accursed Treasure of Rennes-le-Chateau. Sede writes, “But Boudet pretends, against all the evidence, that “Cayrolo” comes from three English words, namely “key”, “ear”, and “hole”.”

Reverse of the Mad Gab game, the sound of Cayrolo hid three words. In Mad Gab, the words are given, like “Pretty Share Weighs.” These need ‘sounded’ to provide the answer of “British Airways.” Players are encouraged to ‘listen’ in order to discover.

For many, the Maranatha puzzle or researching the mystery of Rennes le Chateau offers a playing field for which the game pieces move. Discovery of the language of the birds may be only one of the spaces or could offer the means to move onto another ‘space.’

To wonder what voice could accomplish Fulcanelli’s description of the Green Language in ability to reveal ‘the most hidden truths’, may lead some to feel it is none other than the first, green, voice; the Will of God. It’s possible that in order to hear it, one must be silent and listen.


Contents
1History
1.1Mythology
1.1.1Norse mythology
1.1.2Greek mythology
1.2Middle Eastern folklore
1.3Folklore
1.4Alchemy
1.5Literature and culture
2See also
3Notes
4Bibliography
5External links
History[edit]
In Indo-European religion, the behavior of birds has long been used for the purposes of divination by augurs. According to a suggestion by Walter Burkert, these customs may have their roots in the Paleolithic when, during the Ice Age, early humans looked for carrion by observing scavenging birds.[1]

There are also examples of contemporary bird-human communication and symbiosis. In North America, ravens have been known to lead wolves (and native hunters) to prey they otherwise would be unable to consume.[2][3] In Africa, the greater honeyguide is known to guide humans to beehives in the hope that the hive will be incapacitated and opened for them.

Dating to the Renaissance, birdsong was the inspiration for some magical engineered languages, in particular musical languages. Whistled languages based on spoken natural languages are also sometimes referred to as the language of the birds. Some language games are also referred to as the language of birds, such as in Oromo and Amharic of Ethiopia.[4]

Ukrainian language is known as "nightingale speech" amongst its speakers.[citation needed]

Mythology[edit]
Norse mythology[edit]
In Norse mythology, the power to understand the language of the birds was a sign of great wisdom. The god Odin had two ravens, called Hugin and Munin, who flew around the world and told Odin what happened among mortal men.

The legendary king of Sweden Dag the Wise was so wise that he could understand what birds said. He had a tame house sparrow which flew around and brought back news to him. Once, a farmer in Reidgotaland killed Dag's sparrow, which brought on a terrible retribution from the Swedes.

In the Rígsþula, Konr was able to understand the speech of birds. When Konr was riding through the forest hunting and snaring birds, a crow spoke to him and suggested he would win more if he stopped hunting mere birds and rode to battle against foemen.

The ability could also be acquired by tasting dragon blood. According to the Poetic Edda and the Völsunga saga, Sigurd accidentally tasted dragon blood while roasting the heart of Fafnir. This gave him the ability to understand the language of birds, and his life was saved as the birds were discussing Regin's plans to kill Sigurd. Through the same ability Áslaug, Sigurd's daughter, found out the betrothment of her husband Ragnar Lodbrok, to another woman.


The 11th century Ramsund carving in Sweden depicts how Sigurd learnt the language of birds, in the Poetic Edda and the Völsunga saga
The 11th century Ramsund carving in Sweden depicts how Sigurd learnt the language of birds, in the Poetic Edda and the Völsunga saga.

Sigurd is sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the dragon heart, from Fafnir, for his foster-father Regin, who is Fafnir's brother. The heart is not finished yet, and when Sigurd touches it, he burns himself and sticks his finger into his mouth. As he has tasted dragon blood, he starts to understand the birds' song.
The birds say that Regin will not keep his promise of reconciliation and will try to kill Sigurd, which causes Sigurd to cut off Regin's head.
Regin is dead beside his own head, his smithing tools with which he reforged Sigurd's sword Gram are scattered around him, and
Regin's horse is laden with the dragon's treasure.
is the previous event when Sigurd killed Fafnir, and
shows Ótr from the saga's beginning.
In an eddic poem loosely connected with the Sigurd tradition which is named Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, the reason why a man named Atli once had the ability is not explained. Atli's lord's son Helgi would marry what was presumably Sigurd's aunt, the Valkyrie Sváfa.

Greek mythology[edit]
According to Apollonius Rhodius, the figurehead of Jason's ship, the Argo, was built of oak from the sacred grove at Dodona and could speak the language of birds. Tiresias was also said to have been given the ability to understand the language of the birds by Athena. The language of birds in Greek mythology may be attained by magical means. Democritus, Anaximander, Apollonius of Tyana, Melampus and Aesopus were all said to have understood the birds.

The 'birds' are also mentioned in Homer's Odyssey : "“[...] although I am no prophet really, and I do not know much about the meaning of birds. I tell you he will not long be absent from his dear native land, not if chains of iron hold him fast. He will find a way to get back, for he is never at a loss."[5]

Middle Eastern folklore[edit]
In the Quran, Suleiman (Solomon) and David are said to have been taught the language of the birds.[6] Within Sufism, the language of birds is a mystical divine language. The Conference of the Birds is a mystical poem of 4647 verses by the 12th century Persian poet Attar of Nishapur.[7]

In the Jerusalem Talmud,[8] Solomon's proverbial wisdom was due to his being granted understanding of the language of birds by God.

In Egyptian Arabic, hieroglyphic writing is called "the alphabet of the birds".[citation needed]

Folklore[edit]
The concept is also known from many folk tales (including Welsh, Russian, German, Estonian, Greek, Romany), where usually the protagonist is granted the gift of understanding the language of the birds either by some magical transformation, or as a boon by the king of birds. The birds then inform or warn the hero about some danger or hidden treasure. One example is the Russian story The Language of the Birds.[citation needed]

Alchemy[edit]
In Kabbalah, Renaissance magic, and alchemy, the language of the birds was considered a secret and perfect language and the key to perfect knowledge, sometimes also called the langue verte, or green language (Jean Julien Fulcanelli, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa de occulta philosophia, (Emmanuel-Yves Monin, Hieroglyphes Français Et Langue Des Oiseaux),[citation needed]

Literature and culture[edit]
Compare also the rather comical and satirical Birds of Aristophanes and Parliament of Fowls by Chaucer.

In medieval France, the language of the birds (la langue des oiseaux) was a secret language of the Troubadours, connected with the Tarot, allegedly based on puns and symbolism drawn from homophony, e. g. an inn called au lion d'or ("the Golden Lion") is allegedly "code" for au lit on dort "in the bed one sleeps".[9]

René Guénon has written an article about the symbolism of the language of the birds.[10]

Chinese writer Pu Songling wrote about "The Bird Language" in his anthology Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio".

Hiéroglyphes Français Et La Langue Des Oiseaux, Editions du Point d'Eau by Emmanuel Yves-Monin is a systematic study on the subject but is only available in French.[citation needed]

The artificial language zaum of Russian Futurism was described as "language of the birds" by Velimir Khlebnikov.[citation needed]

The children's book author Rafe Martin has written "The Language of Birds" as an adaptation of a Russian folk tale; it was made into a children's opera by composer John Kennedy.[citation needed]

Melanesian creole Tok Pisin is sometimes called "language of the birds", because the word "pisin" has a double meaning (from English words "pidgin" and "pigeon"). Mian speakers, for example, refer to Tok Pisin as wan weng, literally "bird language".

See also[edit]
Bird vocalization
Confusion of tongues
Glossolalia
Musical language
Notes[edit]
^ Marzluff, John M.; Tony Angell (2007). In the Company of Crows and Ravens. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 284–287. ISBN 0-300-12255-1.
^ McDougall, Len (2004). The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats. Globe Pequot. p. 296. ISBN 1-59228-070-6.
^ Tipton, Diane (2006-07-06). "Raven Myths May Be Real". Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
^ Kebbede Hordofa and Peter Unseth. 1986. "Bird Talk" in Oromo. Quaderni di Studi Etiopici 6-7:74-83
^ The Odyssey - Chapter 1 - What Went On in the House of Odysseus
^ 27:16 "And Solomon inherited David. He said, "O people, we have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from all things. Indeed, this is evident bounty."
^ METmuseum.org
^ Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, 1909
^ Letarot.com
^ René Guénon - Symbols of Sacred Science, Chapter 9 - The Language of birds
Bibliography[edit]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Animal Symbolism in Celtic Mythology, by Lars Noodén (1992)
Davidson, H.R. Ellis. Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Syracuse University Press: Syracuse, NY, US, 1988.
Yves Monin (Emmanuel), Hiéroglyphes Français Et Langue Des Oiseaux, Editions du Point d'Eau.
Richard Khaitzine, La Langue des Oiseaux - Quand ésotérisme et littérature se rencontrent, France-spiritualites.com
René Guénon, The Language of the Birds, Australia's Sufi Magazine "The Treasure" 2 (1998).
Ormsby-Lennon, Hugh "Rosicrucian Linguistics: Twilight of a Renaissance Tradition," passim. Ed. Ingrid Merkel, Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe (1988), pp. 311 - 341.
(in French) Le verland des oiseaux (The Verlan of the Birds) Collection "Pommes Pirates Papillons", Poèmes de Michel Besnier. Illustrations de Boiry, Editions Møtus

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_the_birds

The tree of life may have been, in the first instance, a fruit-bearing genealogical tree, and hence a kind of tribal mother. The Tree of Life, World Tree, Tree of Evolution, Cosmic Tree, Soma Tree, The Human Spinal Column.As a whole, however, the tree is associated with growth, protection, life, unfolding of form, old age, personality, death and rebirth. ... The fourfold Mercurius, the four forms of the Hellenistic Hermes, Ezekiel's vision of four cherubim, the cross, the four gospels as pillars of Christ's throne, and the four animals in Daniel's vision .One must look at the two winged figures fighting on a branch to understand that Gauguin was initiated into esotericism.
Nabi means prophet[a] in both Hebrew and Arabic.
Exodus 4:10-16. The Old Testament uses three Hebrew words that are translated into the English word "prophet" or "seer": nabi, roeh, and hozeh. Nabi literally means "to bubble up." It describes one who is stirred up in spirit. It is the most frequently used of the three by the Hebrew writers. When the sense of "bubbling up" is applied to speaking, it becomes "to declare." Hence, a nabi, or a prophet, is an announcer—one who pours forth the declarations of God. Roeh means "to see" or "to perceive." It is generally used to describe one who is a revealer of secrets, one who envisions. Hozeh also means "to see" or "to perceive," but is also used in reference to musicians. It is also used to describe a counselor or an advisor to a king. The Hebrew does not necessarily indicate that the person is a prophet, but rather an advisor—someone who has wisdom. It means "one who has insight." The translators try to indicate whether the message is spiritual. If it is spiritual, then they tend to translate hozeh as "prophet." If it does not give any indication of being spiritually generated, then they would render it "advisor" or "counselor.” In the Greek language, a prophet is simply "one who speaks for another"—one who speaks for a god, and so interprets the god's will to the people. Hence, the essential meaning in Greek is "interpreter." Nobody knows whether God intends that any real difference be understood from the usage of the different words, but biblical usage is more important than etymology. In the context of these scriptures, it defines a prophet about as well as possible. The conclusion is that a prophet is one who speaks for another, a representative who carries a message, an expounder of God's Word. Overall, the Bible's usage conforms most closely to the Greek usage, one who speaks for another. But it is not limited to God. In this situation, Moses and Aaron's relationship is analogous to God and Moses'.
John W. Ritenbaugh

Les Nabis originated as a rebellious group of young student artists who banded together at the Académie Julian. Paul Sérusier galvanized Les Nabis and provided the name; he also disseminated among them the example of Paul Gauguin. Pierre Bonnard, Édouard Vuillard, and Maurice Denis became the best known of the group, but at the time they were somewhat peripheral to the core group. The term was coined by the linguist Auguste Cazalis, who drew a parallel between the way these painters aimed to revitalize painting (as prophets of modern art) and the way the ancient prophets had rejuvenated Israel.[1] Possibly, the nickname arose because "most of them wore beards, some were Jews and all were desperately earnest". Les Nabis regarded themselves as initiates, and used a private vocabulary. They called a studio an ergasterium and ended their letters with the initials E.T.P.M.V. et M.P., meaning "En ta paume, mon verbe et ma pensée" (In your palm, my word and my thoughts.

In search of a mythical paradise, Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891 for a two-year stay. It is probably during this period that the artist executed several works on the theme of the Tahitian Eve, represented before the fault. The drawing of Grenoble and the painting he prepares, kept at the Ohara Museum of Fine Arts in Kurashiki, Japan, are both called Te nave nave nave fenua (Delicious Earth) and date from 1892. The model of this Tahitian Eve is none other than Gauguin's companion Teha' amana, but the attitude and gestures are directly borrowed from a bas-relief of Borobudur's Javanese temple whose artist had a photograph. Entirely naked, in the midst of a paradisiacal landscape, the young woman prepares to pick up a strange flower, similar to a peacock feather while a winged lizard, incarnation of the devil, whisper the words of temptation.May 1903 May in Atuona on Hiva Oa, French Polynesia was a French painter. He also made ceramics, woodcarvings and woodcuts. In public he is best known for his pictures from the South Seas. Gauguin's post-impressionist work strongly influenced Nabis and Symbolism, he was a co-founder of Synthetism and became a precursor of Expressionism. He thus played an important role in the development of European painting.Les Nabis (French pronunciation: ​[le nabi]) were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists who set the pace for fine arts and graphic arts in France in the 1890s. Initially a group of friends interested in contemporary art and literature, most of them studied at the private art school of Rodolphe Julian (Académie Julian) in Paris in the late 1880s.
Under the influence of folk art and Japanese prints, Gauguin's work evolved towards Cloisonnism, a style given its name by the critic Édouard Dujardin to describe Émile Bernard's method of painting with flat areas of color and bold outlines, which reminded Dujardin of the Medieval cloisonné enameling technique. Gauguin was very appreciative of Bernard's art and of his daring with the employment of a style which suited Gauguin in his quest to express the essence of the objects in his art. In Gauguin's The Yellow Christ (1889), often cited as a quintessential Cloisonnist work, the image was reduced to areas of pure color separated by heavy black outlines. In such works Gauguin paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of color, thereby dispensing with the two most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting. His painting later evolved towards Synthetism in which neither form nor color predominate but each has an equal role.

In 1890, they began to participate successfully in public exhibitions, while most of their artistic output remained in private hands or in the possession of the artists themselves. By 1896, the unity of the group had already begun to break: Homage to Cézanne, painted by Maurice Denis in 1900, recollects memories of a time already gone, even before the term Nabis had been revealed to the public. Meanwhile, most members of the group, including Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard, and Édouard Vuillard, could stand on their own artistically. Only Paul Sérusier had problems to overcome – though it was his Talisman, painted at the advice of Paul Gauguin, that had revealed to them the way to go. This idyllic vision corresponds to Gauguin's dreamlike image of Tahiti before going there. The Eve of this period are as much embodiment of exoticism and primitivism as he ceaselessly sought. The originality of this drawing lies in its pointillist treatment, a technique that is almost absent from his work. Indeed, from 1886 onwards, following an unfortunate quarrel with Signac and Seurat, Gauguin was always dismissive of what he called "Le Point". Perhaps it is necessary to see in this watercolour and in another one, illustrating his manuscript of the Ancient Maori cult, similarly treated with coloured dots, a late homage to Seurat, who died a year before.By 1890, Gauguin had conceived the project of making Tahiti his next artistic destination. A successful auction of paintings in Paris at the Hôtel Drouot in February 1891, along with other events such as a banquet and a benefit concert, provided the necessary funds. The auction had been greatly helped by a flattering review from Octave Mirbeau, courted by Gauguin through Camille Pissarro.[a] After visiting his wife and children in Copenhagen, for what turned out to be the last time, Gauguin set sail for Tahiti on 1 April 1891, promising to return a rich man and make a fresh start. His avowed intent was to escape European civilization and "everything that is artificial and conventional".Nevertheless, he took care to take with him a collection of visual stimuli in the form of photographs, drawings and prints. He spent the first three months in Papeete, the capital of the colony and already much influenced by French and European culture. His biographer Belinda Thomson observes that he must have been disappointed in his vision of a primitive idyll. He was unable to afford the pleasure-seeking life-style in Papeete, and an early attempt at a portrait, Suzanne Bambridge (fr), was not well liked. He decided to set up his studio in Mataiea, Papeari, some forty-five kilometres from Papeete, installing himself in a native-style bamboo hut. Here he executed paintings depicting Tahitian life such as Fatata te Miti (By the Sea) and Ia Orana Maria (ca) (Ave Maria), the latter to become his most prized Tahitian painting. Many of his finest paintings date from this period. His first portrait of a Tahitian model is thought to be Vahine no te tiare (ca) (Woman with a Flower). The painting is notable for the care with which it delineates Polynesian features. He sent the painting to his patron George-Daniel de Monfreid, a friend of Schuffenecker, who was to become Gauguin's devoted champion in Tahiti. By late summer 1892 this painting was being displayed at Goupil's gallery in Paris.[77] Art historian Nancy Mowll Mathews believes that Gauguin's encounter with exotic sensuality in Tahiti, so evident in the painting, was by far the most important aspect of his sojourn there. Gauguin was lent copies of Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout's (fr) 1837 Voyage aux îles du Grand Océan and Edmond de Bovis' (fr) 1855 État de la société tahitienne à l'arrivée des Européens, containing full accounts of Tahiti's forgotten culture and religion. He was fascinated by the accounts of Arioi society and their god 'Oro. Because these accounts contained no illustrations and the Tahitian models were in any case long disappeared, he could give free rein to his imagination. He executed some twenty paintings and a dozen woodcarvings over the next year. The first of these was Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), representing Oro's terrestrial wife Vairaumati, now held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His illustrated notebook of the time, Ancien Culte Mahorie (it), is preserved in the Louvre and was published in facsimile form in 1951. In all, Gauguin sent nine of his paintings to Monfreid in Paris. These were eventually exhibited in Copenhagen in a joint exhibition with the late Vincent van Gogh. Reports that they had been well received (though in fact only two of the Tahitian paintings were sold and his earlier paintings were unfavourably compared with van Gogh's) were sufficiently encouraging for Gauguin to contemplate returning with some seventy others he had completed. He had in any case largely run out of funds, depending on a state grant for a free passage home. In addition he had some health problems diagnosed as heart problems by the local doctor, which Mathews suggests may have been the early signs of cardiovascular syphilis. Gauguin later wrote a travelogue (first published 1901) titled Noa Noa (ca), originally conceived as commentary on his paintings and describing his experiences in Tahiti. Modern critics have suggested that the contents of the book were in part fantasized and plagiarized. In it he revealed that he had at this time taken a thirteen-year-old girl as native wife or vahine (the Tahitian word for "woman"), a marriage contracted in the course of a single afternoon. This was Teha'amana, called Tehura in the travelogue, who was pregnant by him by the end of summer 1892. Teha'amana was the subject of several of Gauguin's paintings, including Merahi metua no Tehamana and the celebrated Spirit of the Dead Watching, as well as a notable woodcarving Tehura now in the Musée d'Orsay

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin

Soul Travel is a little different from Astral Travel where you are working from your astral body and are aware of your body below you, moving through objects and going to places that relate often in a more worldly sense on Earth or in the Astral Planes. Soul Travel is when you are travelling in your Light Body and at a Soul level, so you will not be aware of your body as you are in the higher vibrations of yourself and so one with everything, being your multi-dimensional self. So you are not aware of leaving your physical body or going through walls and all the lower dimensional experiences, instead of going out of body, you go within and through your Light Body you are in the Now, all worlds and dimensions at once, there is no separation. Soul Travel in your Body of Light is from unity consciousness and you are not actually travelling anywhere, because you are there already and everywhere. In Astral Travel you are operating through the Astral Body, which is vibrating at a lower frequency than the Soul. So you will see more of your physical world and what is happening in it, from day to day experiences, places and people and there are many books on how to do this. I am not going to mention how to Astral Travel here, as I do not do this type of travel myself. When Astral Travelling you may go somewhere on the planet or see friends or family, but you can also do this on a Soul level, and only if you need to and not out of curiosity. With Soul Travel you are Light and travel in Liquid Light Plasma, you are at a high frequency and are out of the gravitational pull, it is multi-dimensional travel. When you work at a soul level and with your Light Body you are connected to Source and your I Am, and work at that level for the upliftment of yourself, humanity and in the bigger picture and grand cycles. As with travelling in the Astral Body you perceive information, but it has a direct link with your soul, you are clear about what is taking place and are able to heal and complete through your I Am presence as the multi-dimensional experience/hologram is happening, especially if you are doing this while awake and conscious in a meditation. You are working through time and space with no limitations, and you aware other dimensions, planes, through vortexes, into Inner Earth, the Councils of Light, and Light Cities, civilisations that have moved into the higher frequencies and dimensions, the Milky Way, Star Systems and Galaxies. For example connecting to other civilisations in other cycles, or to stars, or other dimensional places to receive information, complete missions or remember and awaken within you and your body, codings of information that are for grid work, the shift in consciousness and new cycle, New Earth and Solar System. When you Soul Travel you are usually triggered in some way by your Higher/Inner Self, or Divine Beings will suggest travelling/awakening to a certain star, portal point or ancient civilisation. You may not know before hand why, but will find out later why it is so important. My first conscious Soul Travel many years ago, was when I read an article on Moon City in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia in a magazine. I knew instantly that I had lived there; this was a great city from another cycle on Earth. When I travelled there on a Soul Travel I saw the whole place as it had been at that time in the Third World, we are in the Forth World going into the Fifth, with a new root race. I saw myself as I had come in from the Stars there, and I saw how it was destroyed by a nuclear holocaust. Since then I have done a lot of work there on the inner planes and assisted the beings trapped there. I have been on countless Soul Travels since that time consciously, but always from being guided from my Heart and Inner Self when it is appropriate for some understanding, healing and resolution, or to create the new from the lessons of the old civilisation. Needless to say just as in past life regression you learn a lot about history, but not his-story as the controllers of the planet want us to know it, and not history from just recent times, but from different worlds and cycles on Earth. In some of the workshops I facilitate in different countries we go as a soul group on a Soul Travel together, through a portal where we are physically located together and into a previous civilisation that is now in light, or into Lemuria, Atlantis or the Egyptian pyramids, or an Ancient Civilization from another cycle maybe even millions of years ago in the concept of 3D time. Or to the Councils of Light, or to another Star System to complete something as a group and to heal, awaken, bring back the gifts or resolve what may have been left from the collapse of that time. This is important now as we come to the end of this cycle and the end of much greater cycles, there is a lot of completing going on before we all shift cycles again.
“Gateways of Unity, Inner and Natural Healing”.

REASONS SOUL TRAVEL
1. To access information, remember or complete something from an ancient civilisation or place, or other cycle on Earth.
2. To connect to a soul or souls who may not be living or humanoid, to heal or exchange information for healing, planetary work or to complete.
3. To awaken the Light Being you are in the Light Ship and/or the Councils of Light for important work that you do from your over soul self at this time of change in cycle.
4. To connect to someone here and now on Earth to communicate to them from a soul level, to be of service in some way and share.
5. To be at and open up to a place on the planet that has energies or codes that are part of your mission, often we do this physically but can do it also in our Light Body.
6. To be at cosmic schools or healing temples, or other worlds or dimensions to learn.
7. Accessing the inner dimensional worlds within the Earth, Inner Earth, the sea, planets, different star systems to re-connect, learn, share, work together, complete and unify.
8. To be one in time and space to unify, heal and transmute part of yourself still fragmented in a past/now/future Earth life or in Parallel Worlds.
9. To remember and awaken your gifts and multi-dimensional aspects and to allow them to be fully integrated in your body and energy field, being fully present in your life, service and experience on the earth plane now.
Soul Travel is a way to assist you to become more aware of your multi-dimensional self and what you do on Inner Planes, worlds and dimensions. You start to take more responsibility for yourself on all levels, as some of aspects of self can still be in duality and in other worlds of illusion or the astral planes. Through you connection in Oneness with Source and your hearts desire to heal, unify and be your full divinity these aspects become at peace and unified by your love and acceptance of yourself exactly as you are.

Please see more on this in the “Inner Union” chapter or my book “Gateways of Unity, Inner and Natural Healing ”, the chapter on ‘The Aura and Astral’ about Astral Hooks.

An example of this is a friend of mine and fellow multi-dimensional anchor who went to China to release a seal over Light at a particular place that had been sealed 13,000 years ago. As the world could not handle the frequencies then, as we went through the Photon Belt the last time and into fear and density, but the world is ready again now to be open to the Light. There were three Tibetan Lamas that had walked for one whole year to get to the same place at the same time, only for a day before turning around and walking back to Tibet! They were there for the same reason, but quietly, unseen by all except the one they worked with and even then she only saw one in passing. Such is the way of the true work that is done by those who are in Divine Will and of service here on this planet, to assist the shift in consciousness and return of the Golden Age, the real work is done on the Inner Planes and on the outer world quietly by those who are connected and conscious.

If you feel you are busy working at night or get people telling you they channel you, see you helping in dreams or they call out to you for help make sure you are Connected and in the higher energies of your divine self. It is a good idea to imagine you are within the Golden Octahedron, unified frequencies of cosmic life force energy, the top apex at Cosmic Gateway and the bottom at Earth Star, do this night and day until you feel you have unified to the point where you are aligned on all levels in oneness and divine love. This just keeps you unnecessarily out of the lower Astral worlds while you are still unifying yourself. You will still have your hooks in the Astral while you are running victim/victimiser and fear issues but the Golden Octahedron will keep that energy from distracting you, while you do your higher work and also help you be in a calm and centred space to unify the astral hooks you may still have. Also if you find at times that you do not feel like doing much, instead of thinking of yourself as lazy or lost it, realise that most of your energy is actually off working on other levels assisting in some way, so just allow yourself to be. The universe will always provide for you and you will have what you need in regards material things so you can do this work. There is much work going on at present as the higher light octaves are blasting through from the Source and the Greater Central Sun and Galactic Centre, through the star and planetary alignments, eclipses and cyclic doorways of the equinox and solstices. The pulse for the Galactic Centre which is what the Mayan Calendar represents has passed the middle of the Galactic Underworld now as we open up our frequencies of ‘who we truly are’, We move into the ninth step of the pyramid and Universal Underworld on 11. 02. 2011, it ends 28.10. 2011 when we complete creation according to the calendar and the pyramids; that were built to represent this journey into the higher dimensions and Light are a vehicle created to move through the doorway. Of course the pyramid is each of us, the crystal, the Earth, the Solar System and beyond, multi-prismed facets from the prism of Light of Source. Many are leaving Earth as they have chosen not be here physically for the great shift that is happening, and there are many things occurring with the Earth herself as she throws off all the toxins. But instead of fearing the future or changes; breath love and acceptance into the fear, until it is gone as there is only Love, the Love you are takes you into the New Earth, your Heart is the doorway. In your Soul Travels once you awaken enough to know to do them; and when and where you are to be, you will feel only joy for what is taking place as you work with the Councils of Light, Councils of Elders and Ancient Ones, Light Beings and Guardians on the Earth, the Dragon and Serpent People and are aware of the Inner Earth and the beings there as we merge the Inner and Outer as one, the New Earth is birthed.
You will know from your heart the appropriate time and place to do Soul Travel, it is not an ego thing and something that is to be controlled and manipulated. The work you do is not interfering and changing energies, it is simply being the divine being you are, fully conscious as you experience the lower energies to illuminate them through your being. You are the go-between, the one that through your choice of being in a physical body at this time give the gift through your being of unifying Heaven and Earth, spirit and matter. This process takes place through you becoming your Body of Light, being fully present and aware, not by doing magic or manipulating energies, this is the old path and the new is from Love, Acceptance and Allowing, by simply Being….aware, alive, radiant. So either through choice as you awaken, or through circumstances such as losing a job, a relationship, loss of a loved one, health problem or accident your Soul is guiding you into self healing, realisation and service to others, selfless surrender to the divine self. You can Soul Travel in your sleep, or while meditating or being still within. You need to know where it is you wish to go; this often comes as a message from your Inner/Higher Self. For example you may need to be through the Belt of Orion, or into Lemuria, you may be directly there or go through a doorway portal like the Giza Pyramids for Orion, or Easter Island for Lemuria first. Or you may want to go into a mountain near where you live, or into the Serpent tunnels in the Inner Earth, or to a particular Star, or to the Galactic Federation, to the Council of Light, or a Light Ship that is in your area.
I find when I go to sacred sites, vortexes, ruins and dimensional portals and pyramids my Inner Self will often ask me to travel back there in a Soul Travel that night, as I gain more awareness and move into the other dimensions more easily. Often I return on a Soul level many times after I have visited a place physically; for example after being in the sarcophagus in the Kings Chamber and in the Queens Chamber at the great Pyramid at Giza, I often travel in my Light Body there and also take others on the inner there as well, or other locations. As well as painting the Inner Planes in a mandala or activation painting, as a doorway to assist others to open up to the Light Codes and portals there, and in many other pyramids and vortexes. On one occasion after visiting the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, I was at vortex called Moran and the energy was so powerful it almost knocked me over. I was to soul travel back there that evening, and I was staying near Sedona which was quiet a drive. I had hardly got back to where I was staying and into my room and my head on the pillow when I was off back to Moran on the inner to meet with Council of Elders through the Inner Earth doorway there and got downloaded with lots of information. But when I was physically at the location as I stood at the vortex, at the edge of the great cliffs, the energy was so intense and I was just there briefly and got nudged to go. Often I just have to be in the place to absorb the light codes and energies then do the rest on the Inner Planes away for the actual location. But I will also often stay at a place for hours or return many times over days, weeks and years to Soul Travel into the dimensional worlds within the sacred site or vortex to awaken to the next level of light codes. Use the pendulum or muscle test if you are not sure and check whether it is appropriate to go there. Soul Travel is for a purpose that has Divine Will aligned to it. It will be for your healing or completion of some mission, or to receive more wisdom, information and codings. Or to learn at a higher frequency plane, your next step in your initiation process, or for Planetary or Cosmic awareness of the Cyclic Shift and Bigger Pictures and you work with the Councils of Light. If you are in doubt ask if there is anywhere at this time where you are meant to go; it maybe to a healing temple in a higher dimension, or a higher dimensional school for learning and awakening your consciousness. Or in unlimited ways of service such as teaching others on the Inner Planes, or going into the Underworld to assist those who have asked for help. As well as to hold the beam of high frequency divine light and love, unified energy in a battlefield, or disaster to help all souls to transmute the fear and horror. You may also be going on Soul Travels but not be conscious of this, if you feel this is happening you can connect and tune in and see what comes into your awareness. If you are not meant to know, there is usually a good reason for this. It could be that your ego will get in the way, or you will tell others and lose the energy, or others on whatever level may hear and cause mischief, or it may simply be that you are not ready to understand consciously yet. When you have been guided, or chosen where you are to go, in alignment with Divine Will, then if you are doing this as a meditation while awake follow the next section ‘Aligning and Connecting for your Soul Travel” and then simply go there. Your intention takes you straight there; open up your awareness by simply trusting what you intuit is happening. You will be conscious of what is going on and you can also ask and guide yourself with relevant questions such as:
· “Do I need to heal anything here?” If yes, and you are not sure how, send Golden Light into it and Love from your Heart until it is healed and glowing golden. · “Do I need to complete anything here?” If yes, then ask your Inner/Higher Self to take you to the place and time, see or sense what it is you need to do to complete. Just trust what ever it is you get a sense of. · “Do I need to receive anything from here; an object, codings, awareness…?” Then ask your Inner/Higher Self to take you to the time and place where you need to be, to receive what it is. Trust whatever you get. · “Do I need to return anything to this place or time?” If yes trust whatever it is you get a sense of, it maybe a crystal you took at the end of Atlantis, or a ray of energy from an ancient pyramid site. What ever it is you get a sense of then ask your Higher/Inner Self to guide you back to the place in your Soul Travel where you need to put it back. · “Do I need to resolve anything?” You may go to a place where there has been destruction and beings, or part of your multi-dimensional self is trapped. If you get a sense of this then send love into them until you can see or get a sense that they are free. If there are other beings, send Love and Golden Light to them until they are free to go back to their Source, which maybe another world. · You can also go with a group on a Soul Travel to a particular cycle, dimensional world, star system or place and you may need to unify as a group something you left unfinished as the same group in that parallel time. “Do we need to do something as a group, what happened, what do we need to remember or complete? Sometimes it takes a long time of clearing yourself and getting lighter before you are able to access a particular doorway, star system, or vortex. For example for years I had been wanting to go through the Southern Cross, but I even had to go to Uluru on a Blue Full Moon and Equinox to make the star essences of the Southern Cross with rock and flowers on the rock, and still was not ready to go through the doorway. When I finally was ready as I went through Southern Cross doorway, the dimensional facets of light that got activated in me were vast, and I could see why it had taken so long for it to happen, I had to get my frequency high enough to hold the energies. You will know where it is you are to go as described previously, then get into bed and do the alignment as described in ‘Aligning and Connecting for your Soul Travel’ before going to sleep. You well probably have a very deep sleep, as you travel in your Light Body you will usually not be consciously aware of anything except maybe Light or Golden Light. Make sure you have enough warm bedding on as often the body can get cold as most of your energy and life force is being used on your travel. I have never been on a Soul Travel in my sleep yet that I remember, as it is happening. Usually because it is on such a deep level and the conscious mind is nicely asleep while it is going on. Often if I have taken other people with me, sometimes they have said they were aware of a Golden Light coming to them. Or we have gone travelling yet I may still be awake, I am aware that it is going on, but not conscious as I go to bed to sleep. But I get clarity in the morning when I tune into it.
In the morning or when you get a chance, tune in and see what comes up for you about your journey. Sit and get connected, go within, deep into your inner self and ask to be shown what happened. If you are visual you will see your journey in your inner vision. If not then you may get a knowing - trust it. Or you can get a pen and paper and write it down, or go and type up what comes with out thinking, on the computer. Trust what you get and allow it to unfold. Then if any of it needs to be unified or completed you can follow the guideline of the questions that are in the ‘Soul Travel in Meditation’ section just previous. Ask in prayer and with intention to be connected to your Source in Divine Love, and Oneness through the Sun, Central Sun and Greater Central Sun, your Inner Self, Solar Self and Earth. Know that you are in the Golden Light of Source and the Golden Beings from the Great Central Sun and Councils of Light are with you. After you have stated this then connect the Golden Light from Source and the Suns through your Crown, into your Heart Chakra, and down through your body and into the Earth. Then that energy from the Earth back up through your Heart and out to Source. Then imagine or see within, all your Chakras spinning and Light, go up them from Earth Star to Cosmic Gateway, (if you are not sure see the diagram in the Chakra chapter on page 55), as each one sparkles and radiates in Light…….. When they are all sparkling and Light be aware of them merging into One Chakra of Light…….then out through all your physical body…etheric body…emotional body…mental bodies…spiritual bodies…you are one Body of Light…..Open up to the full spectrum of Light Codings to your Christ/White Light Body…Now you are ready to go…. So put out clearly where you are off to· If you are doing this in your sleep then just go to sleep. If you are doing this in a meditation then allow yourself to be there and trust what you perceive no matter how subtle, just follow what happens. If you find you need more Light then you can imagine that you are surrounded and filled with a portal or column of Divine Light….You are within this spiralling column of Divine, radiant Light as it connects you to the Light Grid around the planet and you open up to the Light Grid, matrix of Light as you travel in Light through the Light Grid to where you choose to go. Whether you are fully conscious of it or not, you will be there, so trust your imagination and what ever you sense, feel, know or see. Happy travelling through the journey of your Soul. At first you may become aware that you work with the Councils of Light through Soul Travel, or aware that you are busy working at night in your sleep. You then start to become more aware of yourself, as you are on the planes of Light any time of the day or night, you now become conscious. The more you do this the more you become, and are aligned in Divine Will, becoming more compassionate, loving, accepting, humble and in the world but not of it, out of the illusion. You now operate from the Bigger Picture and the Inner Planes as your frequency has heightened and you have graduated to a new level of awareness. The first time I learned to astral travel or what some will call inter dimensional travel, was from my Spirit Guide Lucifer. He introduced me to it last year. As a matter of fact he is the main being in my life that has helped opened up my psychic abilities. This experience happened one morning when I awoke and was rushing to get to school because I was very late. Lucifer has some strange timing in appearing to me. While I was combing my hair I saw his presence in my mirror. I was like 'what now I am busy come back later.' He responded that he could not come back later and that he needed to teach me something now. I said that I am late for school. He said this was very important because he does not want me to depend on him alone for knowledge, but to go and experience things for myself throughout the planes in the spirit world. After our little spat he convinced me to stay home for a half hour later to teach me astral projection. Well the lesson took hours and I missed school that day. Fortunately the class was canceled. At the beginning I needed help from him to astral travel because I was a newbie at it. But after awhile I was able to do it on my own because of more practice. The wonderful thing about astral travel is that you meet a lot of various non-human entities. One of the most lasting memories of my travel was at this place where I encountered a very humble man who was a tall blond. Lucifer was not with me at this time but the man was very gracious towards me.

I asked him 'what do you call this place?' He answered Aldebaran. When I came back from astral traveling I realized that what felt like seven days in Aldebaran seemed to be thirty minutes on this physical plane. I was totally exhausted. I did some research on the name and came up with the name of a very giant orange star in our galaxy that is about 65 light years away located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It is even larger than our sun.

www.evenstarcreations.com/index.php/unity/soul-travel

Psychoanalyst Carl Jung identified numerous archetypes - character models which help to shape our personalities and which we aspire to be more like. Test your personality and find out which of the main Jungian archetypes you match the closest with this archetype test. Choice your profile between the five figures?From left to right 1 "Walker, Texas Ranger" Borderline. Putting your legs above or even over your head can help with increasing your flexibility 2 Quest to Find the Gateway to Higher Consciousness 3 An androgynous person is ideal to date because he or she embodies the best characteristics of both genders. 4 Mindless Behavior is made up of four highly driven, fearless, and gifted animals pulsed by professionals from stomach digestive experience and powered by guts neurons 5 Hylic is the opposite of psychic In the gnostic belief system, hylics, also called somatics were the lowest order of the three types of human.
Egyptian images and symbols.
On the other side of this inked drawing are many images, most probably inspired by the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.* A mummy: who would represent Osiris (Egyptian god inventor of agriculture and religion).* A boat.* The image of Harpocrates (the Greek child god) sitting on a stool, his right hand in front of his lips.
* A cynocephalic (Greek mythical creature with a dog's head) who holds a paw in front of his lips (a bit like Harpocrates). In 2011, an ancient 1500-year-old amulet was discovered by a team of archaeologists led by Professor Ewdoksia Pepuci-Wladyka. The team conducted the excavations in an ancient agora (gathering places in the ancient world) located in Nea Paphos (South West Cyprus). Hughes was joking about the game of the professorships. They didn’t know individuation by Carl Gustav Jung. He lived from 26 July 1875 up until 6 June 1961. He was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps the most well known pioneer in the field of dream analysis. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts.
He considered the process of individuation necessary for a person to become whole. This is a psychological process of integrating the conscious with the unconscious while still maintaining conscious autonomy. Individuation was the central concept of analytical psychology. Many pioneering psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconscious, the Complex, and synchronicity. A popular psychometric instrument, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(TM), has been principally developed from Jung's theories. You can take a free Jung personality test or read about the Jung typology developed from Carl Jung's theories. Want to know how you deal with people, process information and make decisions? Are you an Extravert or Introvert psychological type? Take this free Jung personality test and find out what psychological type you are according to Jung types. The Jung personality test answers the following questions: What kind of personality do I have?
What are my Jung types? How will my psychological type fit certain kinds of jobs?
Fast and accurate Jung personality test
The Jung personality test measures your preferences for dealing with and relating to people, processing information, making decisions and organizing your life. Its results give you a good overview of your personality and behavior. You can then see how your Jung types match up with a potential employer's requirements.

The Jung typology is the result of the work of Carl Gustav Jung, an eminent Swiss psychiatrist who originated Jungian Psychology. This is one of the world's most established and well respected models on personality and behavior. Tests using the Jung typology model are widely used by organizations for assessment centers, team building, coaching and personal development.

Instructions for Jung personality test
The Jung personality test is made up of 60 choices. Choose the description that best describes you. You have to select one, even if neither seems to apply.

Important
Please answer all of the questions in order. Be honest and remember that no one else is going to see the results unless you choose to share them.


1. Would you prefer to read
a fictional story or poem
a news story
2. Do you find it more natural to remember
numbers and figures
faces and names
3. Do you more often tend to
think through what you will say before speaking
talk off the top of your head
4. Do you think that you tend to take things personally?
yes
no
5. If you're feeling stressed out, do you prefer to
spend time alone
blow off steam with friends
6. When deciding whether or not to purchase something, is the determining factor more often
how much you really need it
how much you really like it
7. In terms of promptness, are you usually
early
on time
late
it depends
8. Are you more prone to
speak without thinking and put 'your foot in your mouth'
miss an opportunity and later think "I should have said..."
9. Which term is more appealing to you?
clarity
harmony
10. Do you more frequently
act spontaneously
act deliberately, with a goal or plan in mind
11. If a decision is made which affects you, such as being made redundant, is it more important to you to know that
you are appreciated
you have been treated fairly
12. Do areas where you work tend to appear
organised
disorganised
13. Would you typically
rather do something than think about doing it
enjoy thinking about something almost as much or more than actually doing it
14. When communicating with others, are you more often
frank and direct with little or no prompting
frank and direct when prompted, or when necessary
15. Does it describe you better to say that you
don't like surprises
enjoy the excitement and spontaneity of surprises
16. Do you value more highly
logic and reason
compassion
17. Do you get more satisfaction from thinking about
your plans
your achievements
18. Do you
enjoy watching the news or reading the paper most days
have little interest in the news
19. When it comes to doing detailed, routine tasks, does it describe you better to say that you
avoid doing them
dislike doing them
don't mind doing them
enjoy doing them
20. In thinking about money, when it comes right down to it, do you believe that
money provides security
money is a means to enhancing your enjoyment of life
21. Do you find it more stimulating to
spend time in one-on-one interaction
interact with many at a large party
22. Are you better at
initiating and planning a project
following a project through to completion
23. When attending a party, do you usually
get tired and leave early
stay energetic and find yourself among the last to leave
24. Would people be more likely to describe you as
not fussy enough
too fussy
25. Are you more attracted to
Sciences
Humanities
26. When meeting someone new, do you tend to
initiate the conversation
wait for the other person to start talking
27. Are you more naturally
tuned into the details of your environment
unaware of the details of your environment
28. At work or when studying, do you feel that you are more effective and productive
when working alone
working with others in a team environment
29. When working on tasks, is it more important to you
to see immediate results for your efforts
to see future possibilities from your efforts
30. Is it more terrible to
wear your emotions on your sleeve
never cry in front of people
31. At meetings, or in other discussion groups, do you tend to
speak up often
hold back
32. When solving a problem, are you more likely to act according to
what your instincts dictate
what the known facts of the situation dictate
33. Do you more often
freely express your opinions
keep your opinions to yourself, unless you have a reason to express them
34. Are you
good at finding solutions to practical problems
impatient with practical concerns, which you tend to ignore
35. In general, do you believe that
everything should be kept in its assigned place
it's unnecessary to keep everything in its assigned place
36. Do you more often tend to
put the needs of others before your own
look after your own needs first
37. If you forgot to wear your watch one day, would you
feel rather displaced and lost
not notice too often that it's missing
you don't wear a watch
38. Are you valued more for your
practical outlook
new way of looking at things
39. Do you think of yourself as
easily approachable
more reserved than most people
40. When judging a person or situation, do you feel that it's better to
be impartial, fair and objective
consider any extenuating circumstances and base your judgement on the individual case
41. Do you think it's a worse fault to be
unable to deal with an issue and move on
unable to see all sides of an issue
42. Do you typically
know everything that's going on in your friends and family's lives
get behind on what's going on
43. When discussing an issue with a friend, is it more important to you
to reach an agreement on the issue
to have a thorough, logical discussion of the issue
44. When performing an important task, do you tend to
start early and finish with time to spare
procrastinate and finish just in time
45. Do you
have an excellent memory for details
remember general concepts, without retaining specific details
46. Are you more interested in
what is real
what is possible
47. When you've said something that hurt someone's feelings, are you
usually immediately aware of it
often unaware that there is a problem until later
48. At parties, do you tend to
spend time with people you know
meet and converse with many people, who you may or may not know
49. Are you more often prone to
make decisions too quickly
be indecisive
50. When making plans, do you prefer to
schedule things in advance
leave things unscheduled and make plans at the last minute
51. Is it a worse fault to
show too much warmth
not show enough warmth
52. Which of these two sayings do you find more interesting?
Seeing is believing
I think, therefore I am
53. Do you prefer to
concentrate on your current task
fantasise about the future
54. When it comes to daily tasks, do you tend to
have a system for getting things done which you generally follow
take things as they come
55. Is it more important to you
to get things done and move on
to leave your options open
56. If someone does something that bothers you, are you more likely to
tell them that it bothers you
not say anything
57. After making an important decision, are you more likely to
consider the case closed
revisit the decision again and again
58. If you receive criticism about something, are you more likely to
become upset and react emotionally
take the criticism pretty well and not react emotionally
59. Do you generally
take things at face value
read between the lines and look for underlying meaning
60. Do you think it's more important to understand
the theory behind the solution to a problem
the application of the steps which solve the problem.


www.123test.com/jung-personality-test/

آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے

’’ جنت‘‘ لفظی معنی ہر اس باغ کے ہیں جس کے درخت زمین کو چھپا لیں۔ کل بستان ذی شجر یستر باشجارہ الارض (راغب اصفہانی) ’’ الجنۃ‘‘ سے اصطلاح شرعی میں مراد وہ عظیم الشان باغ ہے جو بے شمار نعمتیں لیے ہوئے عالم آخرت میں نیک کاروں کے لیے مخصوص ہے اور آج نظروں سے مستور ہے، اس کا نام جنت یا تو اس لیے پڑا کہ وہ دنیا کے باغوں سے مشابہ ہے۔ گومشابہت بہت دور کی سہی۔ اور یا اس لیے کہ اس کی نعمتیں ابھی مستور ہیں۔ سمیت الجنۃ اما تشبیھا بالجنۃ فی الارض وان کان بینھما بون واما السترہ نعمھا عنا (راغب)[1] وہ باغ جس کے متعلق انبیا کی تعلیمات پرایمان لا کر نیک اور اچھے کام کرنے والوں کو خوشخبری دی گئی ہے۔ یہ ایسا حسین اور خوبصورت باغ ہے جس کی مثال کوئي نہیں یہ مقام مرنے کے بعد قیامت کے دن ان لوگوں کو ملے گا جنہوں نے دنیا میں ایمان لا کر نیک اور اچھے کام کیے ہیں۔ قرآن مجید نے جنت کی یہ تعریف کی ہے کہ اس میں نہریں بہتی ہوں گی۔ عالیشان عمارتیں ہوں گی،۔ خدمت کے لیے حور و غلمان ملیں گے۔ انسان کی تمام جائز خواہشیں پوری ہوں گی۔ اور لوگ امن اور چین سے ابدی زندگی بسر کریں گے۔

جنت کی نہروں میں زیادہ مشہور کوثر و سلسبیل ہیں۔ کہا جاتا ہے کہ ان میں جو پانی بہے گا وہ شہد اور دودھ ایسا ہوگا۔ اس کو شراب طہور ’’پینے کی پاکیزہ شے‘‘ کہا گیا ہے۔ قرآن میں نہروں کی تعداد کا کوئی ذکر نہیں۔ کوثر کے متعلق بعض علما کا خیال ہے کہ وہ نہر نہیں، حوض ہے۔ قیامت کے دن نیک لوگ رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم کے ہاتھوں کوثر کا پانی پئیں گے۔ اسی لیے حضور کو ساقی کوثر بھی کہتے ہیں۔ قرآن پاک میں ایک سورۃ کوثر بھی ہے۔ جنت کی اعلی ترین نعمت خدا کا دیدار بھی ہوگا۔ یہی وہ مقام ہے جہاں سے آدم و حوا کو آزمائش کے لیے نکالا گیا تھا۔

بہشت کے آٹھ درجے
1. دارلخلد، یہ عام لوگوں کے واسطے ہے،
2. دارالسلام، جو فقیروں اور صابروں کا مقام ہے،
3. دارالمقام، جو مالدار شکر گزاروں کا مقام ہے،
4. عدن، یہ عابدوں، زاہدوں، غازیوں، سخیوں اور اماموں کے واسطے ہے،
5. دار القرار، اس میں حافظ و عالم رہیں گے،
6. جنت النعیم، یہ شہدوں اور مؤذنوں کے لیے ہے،
7. جنت الماویٰ، جو شہدائے اکبر محسنین اور اولیاءکرام کا مقام ہے،
8. جنت الفردوس، جو نبیوں اور رسولوں اور علما عاملین کی جگہ ہے

التأويل من المصطلحات المختلف عليها في علوم الدين والقرآن عند المسلمين فمنهم من قال:يطلق في القرآن والسنة ويراد به التفسير، كما يراد به الحقيقة التي يؤول إليها الأمر أو الخبر.[1] تأويل الكلام هو الرجوع به إلى مراد المتكلم، وهو على قسمين: الأول: بيان مراد المتكلم، وهذا هو التفسير. الثاني: الموجود الذي يؤول إليه الكلام، أي ظهور المتكلم به إلى الواقع المحسوس.[2] وهناك من قال بأن التفسير غير التأويل مثل قول (الثعلبي):التفسير بيان وضع اللفظ إما حقيقة أو مجازاً، والتأويل تفسير باطن اللفظ

التأويل في اللغة هو الارجاع. أوّلَ الشئ أي أرجعه، وآل إليه الشئ أي رجع إليه [4]. إذن فكلمة (آل) (إيالاً) و(أيلولةً) و(مآلاً) تعني رجع وصار و(آل) عنه تعني ارتد. و(آل) على القوم تعني ولي عليهم فهم رعاياه ويرجعون اليه وهو مسئول عنهم. و(أوّل) الشئ إليه أرجعه، و(أوّل) الكلام يعني فسره... فكأن التأويل هو إرجاع للكلمة المرادة إلى أصل أبعد من المعنى الحرفي لها. أي أن التأويل إرجاع أبعد من إرجاع المفردة العادية، أو، قل، هو إرجاع ثنائي، أولا يتم إرجاع الكلمة إلى الذهن لمعرفة معناها، ثم يتم إرجاع المعنى إلى ما وراء المعنى المصطلح عليه للتوصل إلى (معنى المعنى)[5].

ولعله لا توجد كلمة في العربية أثارت جدلا بين الباحثين مثل كلمة تأويل. فهي الكلمة التي امتازت بفتح الأفق واكتشاف المثير والجديد، كما أنها هي نفسها التي أظهرت الطوائف الإسلامية باختلافها الموضوعي وغير الموضوعي الذي وصل حد الاقتتال، كما هي بذاتها التي أخرجت المدارس النقدية والفكرية والفنية المتميزة ودارت حولها أفكارها ومفاهيمها، وهي (هي) التي تثير جدلا واسعا الآن بين مفكري العصر الحديث، وهي (هي) التي عن طريقها يبلغ الأديب والفقيه ذروة غاياته.

ولمعرفة التأويل أكثر لا بد من التطرق لعدد من المصطلحات اللغوية التي تتبع لكلمة تأويل مثل (الدلالة) و(التفسير) و(اللغة).
يقول الإمام أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري في مقدمة تفسيره جامع البيان في تأويل آي القرآن:
تأويلقد قلنا فيما مضى من كتابنا هذا في وجوه تأويل القرآن، وأن تأويل جميع القرآن على أوجه ثلاثة:
أحدها لا سبيل إلى الوصول إليه، وهو الذي استأثر الله بعلمه، وحجب علمه عن جميع خلقه، وهو أوقات ما كان من آجال الأمور الحادثة، التي أخبر الله في كتابه أنها كائنة، مثل: وقت قيام الساعة، ووقت نزول عيسى ابن مريم، ووقت طلوع الشمس من مغربها، والنفخ في الصور، وما أشبه ذلك.

والوجه الثاني: ما خص الله بعلم تأويله نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم دون سائر أمته، وهو ما فيه مما بعباده إلى علم تأويله الحاجة، فلا سبيل لهم إلى علم ذلك إلا ببيان الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم لهم تأويله.

والثالث منها: ما كان علمه عند أهل اللسان الذي نزل به القرآن، وذلك علم تأويل عربيته وإعرابه، لا يوصل إلى علم ذلك إلا من قبلهم.

فإذ كان ذلك كذلك، فأحق المفسرين بإصابة الحق - في تأويل القرآن الذي إلى علم تأويله للعباد السبيل - أوضحهم حجة فيما تأول وفسر، مما كان تأويله إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم دون سائر أمته من أخبار رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الثابتة عنه: إما من جهة النقل المستفيض، فيما وجد فيه من ذلك عنه النقل المستفيض، وإما من جهة نقل العدول الأثبات، فيما لم يكن فيه عنه النقل المستفيض، أو من جهة الدلالة المنصوبة على صحته; وأصحهم برهانا - فيما ترجم وبين من ذلك - مما كان مدركا علمه من جهة اللسان: إما بالشواهد من أشعارهم السائرة، وإما من منطقهم ولغاتهم المستفيضة المعروفة، كائنا من كان ذلك المتأول والمفسر، بعد أن لا يكون خارجا تأويله وتفسيره ما تأول وفسر من ذلك، عن أقوال السلف من الصحابة والأئمة، والخلف من التابعين وعلماء الأمة
وتفسير الطبري من أكبر كتب التفسير، يقع في ثلاثين جزءاً، وهو مطبوع عدة طبعات. وهو تفسير شامل فسّر فيه الطبري القرآن الكريم آية آية، وكلمة كلمة. وهو يقسِّم السورة إلى مجموعات، تضم كل مجموعة آية أو أكثر، ويبدأ تفسير كل مجموعة بقوله: (القول في تأويل قوله تعالى...)، ثم يُبَيِّن المعنى في إيجاز بأسلوبه وعبارته، ثم يقول: (وبمثل الذي قلنا في تأويل الآية قال جماعة من أهل التأويل)، ويعقب ذلك مباشرة بقوله: (ذِكْر مَنْ قال ذلك) فيذكر الروايات المنقولة في الآية أو الكلمة التي يفسرها عن النبي Mohamed peace be upon him.svg أو مفسري الصحابة والتابعين وتابعيهم. وإذا كان هناك اختلاف في تفسير شيء من القرآن بين أهل التفسير فإنه يقول: (وقد اختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله... فقال بعضهم... وقال آخرون)

إن التأويل (حركة) متصاعدة لا تتوقف فإذا توقفت تحتم وجود تجاوز زمكاني للنص لهذا فإن النص لا يعيش الا في ظل التأويل.. ومن هنا ظهرت في العصر الحديث حركات إسلامية (فردية)عديدة تبنت مفهوما جديدا للنص القرآني كما ظهر مفكرون أصحاب وجهات نظر مغايرة لمألوف التراث الإسلامي ولعل تاريخ هذه الحركة الفكرية الجديدة قد استهلت بالإمام محمد عبده الذي قاد هجمة شرسة على مؤسسة الدين الرسمية في البلاد (الأزهر) ومما قاله عن الأزهر (مكثت عشرة أعوام أنظف رأسي عن قاذوراته ولم أستطع).. ولعل هذه القطيعة العجيبة بين شيخ أزهري وبجدته[9] كان سببها الرئيس هي تأويلاته الحداثوية التي لاقت اعتراضا شرسا من اصحاب العمامات. يقاسم الشيخ محمد عبده ريادته الدكتور طه حسين الذي أحدث ثورة في عالم الفكر الديني ومن أشهر مظاهر ثورته كتابه (في الشعر الجاهلي) الذي رفض فيه ما نحل للشعراء الجاهليين من أشعار من قبل المفسرين وكتاب السيرة. وهناك أيضا محمد عمارة الذي تأثر بأفكار المعتزلة وحقق لهم الكثير من الكتب المهمة ومن أهم كتبه (التراث في ضوء العقل). وهناك الكاتب (علي حرب) الذي تناول أزمة الحداثة والفكر الإسلامي، وهناك أيضا الكاتبة فاطمة المرنيسي. وهناك أيضا الدكتور نصر حامد أبو زيد الذي كاد أن يكلفه تأويله حياته الزوجية ففر وزوجته إلى المهجر..

ولكن يمكننا أن نقول بأن أشهر دعاة التأويل في العصر الحديث وأهمهم هو الأستاذ محمود محمد طه وتأتي أهمية طه من أنه الوحيد من كل دعاة التجديد والتنوير الذي أصبغ على أفكاره صفة التنظيمية فانشأ جماعة الاخوان الجمهوريين التي انتشرت في السودان منذ منتصف القرن الماضي. كما أن طه قد امتاز بتأويله المترابط للنص الديني وربطه لذلك التأويل بالحياة العامة فهو رجل دين ينظر للحياة الحديثة من داخل الدين. ويتحدث عن رؤيته الحديثة في شأن الدولة وسياستها واقتصادها وحكمها من منظور تأويلي تجديدي لاقى استحسان العديدين في الاوساط التنويرية ولكنه أيضا قوبل باستهجان وغضب الكثيرين في الدوائر الدينية الرسمية مثل الأزهر ورابطة العالم الإسلامي

ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84

The term jannāt ʿadni ("Gardens of Eden" or "Gardens of Perpetual Residence" is used in the Qur'an for the destination of the righteous. There are several mentions of "the Garden" in the Qur'an (2:35, 7:19, 20:117), while the Garden of Eden, without the word ʿadn, is commonly the fourth layer of the Islamic heaven and not necessarily thought as the dwelling place of Adam. The Quran refers frequently over various Surah about the first abode of Adam and his wife, including surat Sad, which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surat al-Baqara, surat al-A'raf, and surat al-Hijr although sometimes without mentioning the location. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Adam and Eve after they were tempted by Shaitan. Despite the Biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, which God specifically claimed it was forbidden to Adam and Eve. Some exegesis added an account, about Satan, disguised as a serpent to enter the Garden, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and Eve did so, resulting in disobeying God. These stories are also featured in the hadith collections, including al-Tabari.


An artists representation of "Muhammed's Paradise". A Persian miniature from The History of Mohammed, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.
The Paradise is described as surrounded by eight principal gates, each level generally being divided into a hundred degrees guarded by angels (in some traditions Ridwan). The highest level is known as firdaws (sometimes called Eden) or Illiyin. Entrants will be greeted by angels with salutations of peace or As-Salamu Alaykum. Furthermore, paradise is considered to be "as vast as the heavens and the earth".

In the Quran, "the Garden" is described with material delights, such as beautiful maidens, precious stones, delicious foods, and constantly flowing water—the latter especially appealing to the desert dwelling Arabs, who spend most of their life in arid lands. The Islamic texts describes life for its immortal inhabitants as: one that is happy—without hurt, sorrow, fear or shame—where every wish is fulfilled. Traditions relate that inhabitants will be of the same age (33 years), and of the same standing. Their life is one of bliss including wearing sumptuous robes, bracelets and perfumes as they partake in exquisite banquets served in priceless vessels by immortal youths (Houri), as they recline on couches inlaid with gold or precious stones.

According to Muslim belief, everything one longs for in this world will be there in Paradise.

They will eat delicious food and drink, and every bowl will have a new taste. They will take eructation which will digest the food and there will be perfumed sweating for the digestion of water. Inhabitants will rejoice in the company of their parents, spouses, and children (provided they were admitted to paradise)—conversing and recalling the past.

The food in Jannah never rotting and so delicious it will make any person on earth live without feeling hunger forever. The dwellings for inhabitants will be pleasant, with lofty gardens, shady valleys, fountains scented with camphor or ginger; rivers of water, milk, honey and Sharab-un-Tahoora (pure drink); delicious fruits of all seasons without thorns;

One day in paradise is considered equal to a thousand years on earth. Palaces are made from bricks of gold, silver, pearls, among other things. Traditions also note the presence of horses and camels of "dazzling whiteness", along with other creatures. Large trees whose shades are ever deepening, mountains made of musk, between which rivers flow in valleys of pearl and ruby.

The names of four rivers are Saihan (Syr Darya), Jaihan (Amu Darya), Furat (Euphrates) and Nil (Nile). Salsabil is the name of a spring that is the source of the rivers of Rahma (mercy) and Al-Kawthar (abundance). Sidrat al-Muntaha is a Lote tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.[citation needed]

In spite of the goodly dwellings given to the inhabitants of paradise, the approval of God and nearness to him is considered greater. According to the Quran, God will bring the elect near to his throne (‘arsh), a day on which "some faces shall be shining in contemplating their Lord." The vision of God is regarded as the greatest of all rewards, surpassing all other joys. The true beauty of paradise is also understood as the joy of beholding God, the creator.

Besides the material notion of the paradise, those descriptions are also interpreted as allegories, explaining the state of joy people will get. For some theologicans, seeing God is not a question of sight, but of awareness of Gods presence. The Persian theologian Al-Ghazali said:

This life belongs to the world of earth and the world of visibility; the hereafter belongs to the world of transcendental and the world of beings. By this life I understand your state before death, by hereafter I understand your state after death ... However, it is impossible to explain the world of beings in this life by any other means than allegories.

Inhabitants of Jannah
According to the Quran, the basic criterion for salvation in the afterlife is the belief in the oneness of God (tawḥīd), Angels of God, revealed books of God, all messengers of God, as well as repentance to God, and doing good deeds. Though one must do good deeds and believe in God, salvation can only be attained through God's judgment.

Regarding salvation from hell, according to hadith literature, Muhammad said, “Surely a time will come over hell when its gates shall be blown by wind, there shall be none in it, and this shall be after they have remained therein for many years.” Still in the Hadith literature, Muhammad is reported to have said, "Allah will bring out people from the Fire and admit them into Paradise."Otherwise some hadiths indicate, that the majority of mankind will not access heaven.[21] According to Sunni Islam, a Muslim, even if condemned to hell, will eventually enter Heaven.

As in life there are many trials which one must face. This is also a condition individuals must encounter in order to enter Jannah.

Or do ye think that ye shall enter the Garden (of bliss) without such (trials) as came to those who passed away before you? They encountered suffering and adversity, and were so shaken in spirit that even the Messenger and those of faith who were with him cried: "When (will come) the help of Allah?" Ah! Verily, the help of Allah is (always) near!

— Qur'an, sura 2 (al-Baqarah), ayah 214
Did ye think that ye would enter Heaven without Allah testing those of you who fought hard (In His Cause) and remained steadfast?

— Qur'an, sura 3 (Al-i-Imran), ayah 142
Non-Muslims in Jannah
There are different opinions among scholars in regard whether Non-Muslims could enter Jannah. Some Muslims and Islamic scholars argued Surah 2:62 indicates Jannah is not exclusively for Muslims.

Indeed, those who believed and those who were Jews or Christians or Sabeans—those who believed in Allah and the Last Day and did righteousness—will have their reward with their Lord, and no fear will there be concerning them, nor will they grieve.2:62

On the other hand, other scholars hold this verse is abrogated by Surah 3:85 and just applied until the arrival of Muhammad. For example, before Jesus was born, Jewish will enter Jannah alike Christians, who lived before Muhammad enter Jannah, but every religious group needs to accept the newest prophet.

And whoever desires other than Islam as religion—never will it be accepted from him, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers.3:85

Scholars like Ibn Arabi did not hold the first to be abrogated by the latter, since "Islam" in this context, does not apply to Islam as a religious tradition, but to "submission".Ghazali distinguished between the "saved" and "those who will attain success". Therefore, righteous Non-Muslims will neither enter hell nor Jannah, but will stay in Araf.

Further those, who regard Jannah as exclusively for Muslims argue, that Islam is the "completed" and "perfected" religion and it is necessary to believe in the whole teaching of God, the prophets and the angels that just can be done by a Muslim.

According to the Islamic theologican Süleyman Ateş, argues Muslims had made a mistake Jewish and Christians made before by claiming paradise being exclusive for Muslims. Further he states, that those who believes in God without associating any partners with Him, believes in the hereafter without any doubt and do good and useful deeds can enter paradise, conditions several religions offer. He also refers to the Quran 5:66 that there are good and bad people among any religion, and even not all Muslims may enter paradise.

Finally, most scholars agree that Non-Muslims who did not hear the message of Islam and Non-Muslims who died in childhood are eligible for Jannah as well:

… And We never punish until We have sent a Messenger (to give warning).17:15

Number of people who will enter Jannah
Several precise numbers are mentioned in the hadith literature regarding the extremely high standards required to qualify for Jannah. Initially, a select elite group of 70,000 people from the followers of Muhammad will enter Jannah without any accountability of their sins.

After the above group, only 1 out of 100 people from the rest of humanity (Muslim and Non-Muslim) would qualify for Jannah. It is understood that despite this small percentage, the actual number of people who would make it to Jannah would be higher, as Allah would forgive the sins of many people, allowing them to enter Jannah as well.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannah

Esoteric interpretation of the Quran, taʾwīl (تأويل), is the allegorical interpretation of the Quran or the quest for its hidden, inner meanings. It was a synonym of conventional interpretation in its earliest use, but it came to mean a process of discerning its most fundamental understandings. Esoteric interpretations do not usually contradict the conventional (in this context called exoteric) interpretations; instead, they discuss the inner levels of meaning of the Quran.The words Ta'wil and Tafsir have been translated to mean explanation, elucidation, interpretation, and commentary; but from the end of the 8th century onwards, 'ta'wil' was commonly regarded as the esoteric or mystical interpretation of the Quran, while the conventional exegesis of the Quran was called "tafsir". The term batin refers to the inner or esoteric meaning of a sacred text, and zahir to the apparent or exoteric meaning.[3] Esoteric interpretations are found in Shia and Sunni interpretations of the Quran. A hadith which states that the Quran has an inner meaning, and that this inner meaning conceals a yet deeper inner meaning, and so on (up to seven successive levels of deeper meaning), has sometimes been used in support of this view.Scholars agree that some passages of the Quran leave certain ideas implied rather than stated and that, from the outset, the Quran cautions that some verses are literal in meaning, while others, named "mutashabihat", are metaphorical in meaning:"It is God who has sent down to you the book: In it are verses clear (muhkamat), they are the foundation of the book, others are unspecific (mutashabihat)."[6] (Quran 3:7)
Esoteric exegesis attempts to unveil the inner meaning of the Quran by moving beyond the apparent point of the verses and relating Quranic verses to the inner and the metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. The exoteric aspect is the literal word, the law, and the material text of the Quran, and the esoteric aspect is the hidden meaning. Esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative and are 'allusions' rather than 'explanations' and indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer. However the Qur'an says this about doing so (Sahih Int. Translation): "As for those in whose hearts is deviation [from truth], they will follow that of it which is unspecific, seeking discord and seeking an interpretation [suitable to them]. And no one knows its [true] interpretation except Allah. But those firm in knowledge say, "We believe in it. All [of it] is from our Lord." And no one will be reminded except those of understanding." (from verse 3:7) Only a few examples are given here. In 7:172, the Quran states:"And when Your Lord summoned the descendants of Adam, and made them testify about themselves. "Am I not your Lord?" They said, "Yes, we testify." Thus you cannot say on the Day of Resurrection we were unaware of this." According to the above verse, before the Creation, God called the future humanity out of the loins of the not-yet-created Adam and addressed them with the words: "Am I not your Lord?", and they answered: "Yes, we witness it". In Islam, this "primordial covenant" is the metahistorical foundation between God and humankind. The Quran first mentions an 'inner meaning' (ta'wil) in 18:65–82 in the story of Moses and Khidr, a mystical figure of the ancient Middle East who reluctantly accepts Moses as his traveling student. When Khidr performs strange acts, Moses questions him about them. Khidr gives him the 'inner explanation' (ta'wil) of his actions. Along the way, the esoteric being damages a boat belonging to poor people. Moses is so disturbed that he keeps protesting despite his agreement to keep silent. At the end of the journey, Khidr tells Moses the reasons for his inexplicable actions: "As for the ship, it belonged to poor people working at sea, so I intended to cause defect in it as there was after them a king who seized every ship by force."In 56:79, the Quran describes itself: "This is an honorable Quran, in a book hidden, which none can touch except the purified." In the exoteric sense, the Quran requires Muslims to perform ritual cleansing of their hands before touching it. Esoteric interpreters were of the opinion that the Quran implies that individuals with spiritual purity are able to grasp its meaning. Attar of Nishapur, a 12th-century mystical poet, gives a mystical interpretation of the Quranic story of the descent of Adam and Eve from Paradise to Earth. According to Attar, "the man whose mind and vision are ensnared by heaven's grace must forfeit that same grace, for only then can he direct his face To his true Lord." Occasionally, a verse may be interpreted in a sense very different from its conventional meaning. For example, Hamadani, in his book Tamheedat ('Preludes'), interprets 104:6–7 ("It is a fierce fire created by God, to penetrate into the hearts."), which conventionally refers to the punishment in hell, to be the passion of divine love. Hamadani interprets 14:48 ("On the Day when the earth is changed into another earth, and the heavens, and they will emerge before God"), which conventionally describes the Day of Judgment as a description of the moment of spiritual awakening or enlightenment. Sufis believe that Quran's initial letters (Muqatta'at) conceal mysteries that can not be fully expressed in words and should be understood as mystic experiences. In Sufi commentaries of the Quran, Sufism concepts are commonly related such as the hierarchical levels of realities in human experience (human, supra-sensible, and divine levels), the various states of consciousness such as passing away in God (fana) and subsisting through God (baqa), and the ideas concerning the six subtleties (lataif-e-sitta). A hadith attributed to Muhammad is essential in understanding the inward aspects of the Quran, and it is fundamental to Quranic exegesis:"The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning so it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth)."There is a statement made by the Imam, Jafar Sadiq (d. 765 CE): "The book of God comprises four things: the statement set down, the allusions, the hidden meanings relating to the supra-sensible world, and the exalted spiritual doctrines. The literal statement is for the ordinary believers. The allusions are the concern of the elite. The hidden meanings pertain to the friends of God. The exalted spiritual doctrines are the province of the prophets."

Esoteric interpretations
The most important author of esoteric interpretation prior to the 11th century was Sulami (d. 1021 CE); without his work, most of the very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary was a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis"), a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis.

Sahl Tustari (d. 896) was among the most important mystics in the early formative period of Islamic mysticism. His commentary (tafsir al-Quran al-azim) was compiled later by his disciples and preserved, as a commentary on the Quran. Tustari's commentary does not comprise interpretations of every single verse, but there are comments on a selection of verses.

A spiritual commentary of the Quran is attributed to Jafar al-Sadiq (Tafsir Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq), but its authenticity remains suspect. It conveys a spurious textual tradition and has little reliable material, but the items cited on Jafar Sadiq's authority in Sulami's book appear to be based on identifiable chains of transmitters.

From the 11th century, several other works appear such as commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209), and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books as well as the author's own contributions. Many works are written in Persian, such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kashaf al-asrar ("the unveiling of the secrets").

Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of his work. Rumi's manner of incorporating Quranic verses into his poetry is notable in that he does not use them as prooftexts but intertwines Quranic verses with his poetry.

Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Simnani was a prolific author, 154 titles are ascribed to him, of which at least 79 exist today.

Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan ("The Spirit of Elucidation") is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably, Ibn Arabi and Ghazali).

Shia Islam is a branch of Islam in which one finds some of the most esoteric interpretations on the nature of the Quran. Shia interpretations of the Quran concern mainly issues of authority where the concept of Imamat is paramount. In Twelver Shia Islam, there are mainly two theological schools: the Akhbari and the Ususli. The former school interprets the Quran mainly through reliance upon traditions (hadith) ascribed to the Imams. The latter school gives more power to independent reasoning and judgment (ijtihad). Ismaili interpretation shares common ground with Sufism. The method is called kashf, an "unveiling" to the heart of the interpreter, and it is dependent upon the master, the grace of God, and the spiritual capacity of the interpreter.

Validity of esoteric interpretations
There is almost no dispute among Muslims that the Quran has concealed meanings. However, not every esoteric interpretation of the Quran is necessarily valid. Some interpreters are known to have overplayed the allegorical aspects of the Quran by claiming privileged understanding of its contents and distorting its meaning.The authority of the person who extracts such meanings is also a matter of debate. Mainstream theologians were willing to accept the interpretations if certain conditions were met.

One of the most important criteria is that the interpretation should not conflict with the literal meaning of the Quran. Suyuti (d. 1505CE) believed that exegesis should be rigorous to avoid misunderstanding. Taftazani (d. 1390) believed that pure gnosis and perfection of faith can be achieved when the subtle allusions of the Quran are harmonized with the literal sense.

Kristin Zahra Sands, in the beginning of her introduction, asks questions:

How can one begin to say what God "meant" by His revelation?
How does one balance the desire to understand the meaning of the Quran with the realistic fear of reducing it to the merely human and individualistic?
How, most basically, is one best to approach the Quran to discover its richness and transforming possibilities?
According to Sands, Quranic interpretation is an endless task and is different for each individual. Also, the language and the type of discourse that are chosen in interpretation varies in each commentator.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran

The wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has received varying recommendations from different public health agencies and governments. The topic has been a subject of debate,[1] with various public health agencies and governments disagreeing on a protocol for wearing face masks. As of early May, 88% of the world's population lives in countries that recommend or mandate the usage of masks in public and 75+ countries have mandated the use of masks.[2] Debates have emerged regarding whether masks should be worn even when social distancing at six feet (2 meters),[3][4][5] whether they should be worn during exercise,[6] worn in the home to reduce viral load,[7][8] and whether there are mitigating factors.[9][7] Additionally, public health agencies of different countries and territories have often changed their recommendations regarding face masks over time.[10] Face masks have been a subject of shortages, and also been made compulsory in some countries.

Types of face masks, from least to most protective, include cloth face masks, medical (non-surgical) masks,[11][12] surgical masks, and filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 masks and FFP masks. Face shields and medical goggles are other types of protective equipment often used together with face masks.


Contents
1Types of masks
1.1Face shields
1.2Cloth masks
1.2.1Sterilizing and re-use
1.3Surgical masks
1.4Disposable filtering respirators
1.4.1Sterilizing and re-use
1.5Elastomeric respirators
1.6Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
1.7Novel face masks (research and development)
2Recommendations
2.1World Health Organization recommendations
2.2US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2.3China and Asia
3Rationale for wearing masks
4Shortages of face masks
4.1Early epidemic in China
4.2National stocks and shortages
4.3N95 and FFP masks
5The mask industry
5.1Manufacturing
5.2Distribution
6Culture
6.1Attitudes
6.2Fashion
7Mask use and policies by country and territory
8References
Types of masks[edit]

Small particles zigzag due to Brownian motion, and are easily captured. Large particles get strained out, or have too much inertia to turn, and hit a fiber. Mid-size particles follow flowlines and are more likely to get through the filter; the hardest size to filter is 0.3 microns diameter.[13]
Certified medical masks are disposable (except some faceshields). They are made of non-woven material. They are mostly multi-layer. Filter material may be made of microfibers with an electrostatic charge; that is, the fibers are electrets. An electret filter increases the chances that smaller particles will veer and hit a fiber, rather than going straight through (electrostatic capture).[13][14][15][better source needed][medical citation needed] Typically, efficiency of the filtering materials decreases when washed or used multiple times.[16]

Many medical masks are respirators; they are designed to protect the wearer. Surgical masks, on the other hand, are meant to protect others against infection transmission from the wearer (so called "source control").[17] Some respirators and masks have valves,[18] which let exhaled air out unfiltered. This makes them bad for source control.[19] It may, however, reduce inwards leakage, thus improving wearer protection.[18]

Face shields[edit]
Person wearing a face shield over a green surgical mask. A simple 3D-printed face shield: curved visor, drawstring lanyard, sheet of transparent plastic curved from side to side.
Person wearing a face shield and a surgical mask.
Main article: Face shield
It is not yet known whether face shields are effective at preventing disease transmission. They protect against splash and splatter. Cough simulation experiments show that they protect[18] the wearer[20] against large drops immediately after the cough, but do not keep out smaller aerosols. The longer it was after the simulated cough, the more particles found their way around. Because there is no evidence they prevent the wearer from getting ill, face shields are used with nose-mouth masks, and to protect nose-mouth masks, but use of face shields alone is not recommended.[18]

Cloth masks[edit]

Homemade cloth face mask

Sneezing. There is limited evidence that cloth masks can significantly reduce aerosol droplet dispersal.[18]
Main article: Cloth face mask
A cloth face mask is a mask made of a common textile, usually cotton, worn over the mouth and nose. Although they are less effective than medical-grade masks, many health authorities recommend that the general public use them because medical-grade masks are in short supply.[21][22]

They were routinely used by healthcare workers starting from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century. In the 1960s they fell out of use in the developed world in favor of modern surgical masks, but their use has persisted in developing countries.[23][24][25]

There were calls for research into the effectiveness of improvised masks even before the emergence of COVID-19, motivated also by past epidemics and modelling of likely mask shortages. However, little research has been done. There are no studies of the use of cloth masks by the general public, one study on the use of cloth masks in hospitals (by healthcare workers, not patients), and many controlled-setting/lab studies of cloth masks' effects on aerosols as of May 2020.[18]

Cloth masks are low-cost and reusable. They vary widely in effectiveness depending on material, fit/seal, and number of layers, among other factors. Unlike disposable masks, there are no legal standards for cloth masks. Fit is important (as with disposable masks). Measures to improve fit, such as an outer layer made from sheer nylon stockings or sheer tights around the head, reduce leakage.[18]

Improvised cloth masks seem to be worse than standard commercial disposable masks, but better than nothing. There is, however, little good evidence on them. A single study gives evidence that an improvised mask was better than nothing, but not as good as soft electret-filter surgical mask, for protecting health care workers simulating treating a simulated infected patient, regardless of whether "patient" or carers wore the mask.[18] Another study had volunteers wear masks they made themselves, to a pattern like that of a standard surgical mask, but with ties rather than earloops,[26] from cotton T-shirts, and found that the number of microscopic particles that leaked inside the homemade masks was twice the number that leaked into the commercial masks, and that the homemade mask let three times as many microorganisms expelled by the wearer escape (median averages). There is limited evidence that cloth masks can significantly reduce droplet dispersal.[18]

Cloth masks are commonly made with one layer, two layers, or two layers with a pocket for a removable-filter interlayer [18] (disposable surgical mask also have three layers, with the filter layer midmost[citation needed]). The CDC recommends more than one layer.[27] There is no research on the usefulness of a filter interlayer, as of May 2020. There were until recently no non-disposable materials designed for making masks (see end of paragraph). Common household fabrics which could be utilized (turned to a new use) as mask materials have been tested.[28][29][30][31] Cloth materials vary widely in filtration efficiency. Some cotton and polyester household fabrics have been found to compare with disposable surgical masks for dry particle filtering. Cotton T-shirt material, pillowcase material, and 70% cotton/30% polyester sweatshirt material are among the common materials that performed well in lab tests, with T-shirts preferred to pillowcases because it was thought that it would probably fit better. Teatowels and vacuum-cleaner bags were effective at filtering, but had a very high air resistance, so were not recommended. Scarves filtered poorly. Surgical sterilisation wrap, a polypropylene non-woven fabric made for wrapping sterilized things to keep them sterile, is designed to filter germs from the air. Using surgical sterilisation wrap to make masks, or as a filter interlayer in cloth masks, has been suggested. There are, however, no tests on using surgical sterilisation wrap for masks, as of May 2020.[18] Other suggested materials for filter interlayers include air filter materials used in ventilation, heating, and air conditioning, some of which are similar to rigid electret masks in the size ranges of particles they filter. Electrostatic cotton and non-woven, meltblown fabric are the conventional materials used in disposible masks, but are not readily available during the COVID-19 epidemic. A new type of filter, a washable electrostatic cotton filter, has been reported since the start of the pandemic; it is said to withstand repeated washing and folding.[18] It is made of electrospun nanofibers; flanking insulating blocks lay these into quasi-aligned nonwoven sheets, which are layered criss-cross to make a meshlike multilayer mask.[32][33] There is a need for research comparing how well these materials work.[18][34]

Sterilizing and re-use[edit]
There is no research on sterilizing and reusing cloth masks, as of May 2020.[18] The CDC recommends doffing the mask by handling only the ear loops or ties, placing it directly in a washing machine, and immediately washing your hands in soap and water for at least 20 seconds. They also recommend handwashing before donning the mask and again immediately after any time you touch it.[35]

There is no information on reusing a interlayer filter, and disposing of it after a single use may be desirable.[18]

Surgical masks[edit]
Main article: Surgical mask

A surgical mask
A surgical mask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment. If worn properly, a surgical mask is meant to help block large-particle droplets, splashes, sprays, or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria, keeping it from reaching the wearer's mouth and nose. Surgical masks may also help reduce exposure of the wearer's saliva and respiratory secretions to others.[36] A surgical mask, by design, does not filter or block very small particles in the air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, or certain medical procedures. Surgical masks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the loose fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.[36] However, in practice, with respect to some infections like influenza surgical masks appear as effective as respirators (such as N95 or FFP masks).[37] Surgical masks may be labeled as surgical, isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks.[36] Surgical masks are made of a nonwoven fabric created using a melt blowing process.[38][39]

Surgical masks made to different standards in different parts of the world have different ranges of particles which they filter. Similar-looking single-use masks are one-layer and only filter larger particles (e.g. Chinese standard YY/T0969 masks).[40][medical citation needed]

Disposable filtering respirators[edit]

An N95 mask
Main article: Mechanical filter respirator
An N95 mask is a particulate-filtering facepiece respirator that meets the N95 air filtration rating of the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, meaning that it filters at least 95 percent of airborne particles, while not resistant to oil like the P95. It is the most common particulate-filtering facepiece respirator.[41] It is an example of a mechanical filter respirator, which provides protection against particulates, but not gases or vapors.[42] Like the middle layer of[citation needed] surgical masks, the N95 mask is made of four layers[18] of melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric.[43][44][unreliable medical source?] The corresponding face mask used in the European Union is the FFP2 respirator.[45][46]

Hard electret-filter masks like N95 and FFP masks must fit the face to provide full protection. Untrained users often get a reasonable fit, but fewer than one in four gets a perfect fit. Fit testing is thus standard. A line of vaseline on the edge of the mask[47] has been shown to reduce edge leakage[18] in lab tests using manikins that simulate breathing.[47]

Sterilizing and re-use[edit]
Hard electret-filter masks are designed to be disposable, for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use. One laboratory found that there was a decrease in fit quality after five consecutive donnings.[18]

Hard electret-filter masks are often reused,[citation needed] especially during pandemics when there are shortages. Infectious particles could survive on the masks for up to 24 hours after the end of use, according to studies using models of SARS-CoV-2;[18] In the COVID-19 epidemic, the US CDC recommended that if masks run short, each health care worker should be issued with five masks, one to be used per day, such that each mask spends at least five days stored in a paper bag between each use. If there are not enough masks to do this, they recommend sterilizing the masks between uses.[48] Some hospitals have been stockpiling used masks as a precaution.[49] The US CDC issued guidelines on stretching N95 supplies, recommending extended use over re-use. They highlighted the risk of infection from touching the contaminated outer surface of the mask, which even professionals frequently unintentionally do, and recommended washing hands every time before touching the mask. To reduce mask surface contamination, they recommended face shields, and asking patients to wear masks too ("source masking").[50]

Apart from time, other methods of disinfection have been tested. Physical damage to the masks has been observed when microwaving them, microwaving them in a steam bag, letting them sit in moist heat, and hitting them with excessively high doses of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). Chlorine-based methods, such as chlorine bleach, may cause residual smell, offgassing of chlorine when the mask becomes moist, and in one study, physical breakdown of the nosepads, causing increased leakage.[18] Fit and comfort do not seem to be harmed by UVGI, moist heat incubation, and microwave-generated steam.[18]

Some methods may not visibly damage the mask, but they ruin the mask's ability to filter. This has been seen in attempts to sterilize by soaking in soap and water, heating dry to 160°C, and treating with 70% isopropyl alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma[18] (made under a vacuum with radio waves[51]). The static electrical charge on the microfibers (which attracts or repels particles passing through the mask, making them more likely to move sideways and hit and stick to a fiber[citation needed]) is destroyed by some cleaning methods. UVGI (ultraviolet light), boiling water vapour, and dry oven heating do not seem to reduce the filter efficiency, and these methods successfully decontaminate masks.[18]

UVGI (an ultraviolet method), ethylene oxide, dry oven heating and (highly toxic[citation needed]) vaporized hydrogen peroxide are currently the most-favoured methods in use in hospitals, but none have been properly tested.[18] Where enough masks are available, cycling them and reusing a mask only after letting it sit unused for 5 days is preferred.[48]

Elastomeric respirators[edit]
Main article: Mechanical filter respirator

Elastomeric full-face masks
Elastomeric respirators are reusable devices with exchangeable cartridge filters that offer comparable protection to N95 masks.[52] They were used as a substitute for N95 masks among shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic.[19]

The filters which must be replaced when soiled, contaminated, or clogged. These components may be hard to find amidst shortages; the filters may thus be sterilized, in a way that does not harm the filter, and re-used. In medical use, they must be cleaned and disinfected, as some germs can survive on them for weeks.[19]

Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes. If they have exhalation valves, then they are counterrecommended in settings where the unfiltered exhaled air might infect others (for instance, surgery). Fitting and inspection is essential to effectiveness.[19]

Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)[edit]

A PAPR in a level-3 biosafety lab. Note waist pack and hose to blow air into headpiece.
Main article: Powered air-purifying respirator
PAPRs are expensive masks with a battery-powered blower that blows air through a filter to the wearer. Because they create positive pressure, they need not be tightly-fitted.[53] PAPRs typically do not filter exhaust from the wearer.[54] They are not generally designed for healthcare use, as of 2017.[17]

Novel face masks (research and development)[edit]
On 15 April 2020 scientists claimed to have developed a biodegradable material for face masks which is effective at removing particles smaller than 100 nanometres including viruses and has a high breathability.[55][56] Two Israeli companies reportedly have developed antiviral face masks – one of which is infused with antiviral copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles, the other is made out of cotton embedded with accelerated copper oxide particles and a nanofiber textile.[57][58][59] Other Israeli researchers have developed a 3D-printed nanoscale fiber sticker coated with antiseptics which can be attached to a traditional mask for extra protection.[59] Other reseachers report that laser-induced graphene may be used to add self-cleaning and photothermal properties to face masks.[59] In March 2020 Jiaxing Huang became the first scientist to receive a $200,000 grant by the United States' National Science Foundation to develop a chemical which can be safely built into common face masks to make them protect against SARS-CoV-2 and self-sanitize passing droplets.[59][60]

Recommendations[edit]
Health organizations have recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and dispose of any tissue immediately.[61][62] Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected,[63][64][65] as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.[66]

Masks have also been recommended for use by those who are taking care of someone who may have the disease.[65] The WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, though they also acknowledge that wearing masks may help people avoid touching their face.[65] Several countries have started to encourage the use of face masks by members of the public.[67]

As of May 2020, 88% of the world's population lived in countries where their government and leading disease experts recommended the use of masks in public places to limit the spread of COVID-19.[2]

World Health Organization recommendations[edit]
World Health Organization advice to the public in the context of COVID-19 endorsed the use of masks only under the following conditions:[68]

If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection.
Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.
Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-based hand sanitizer or soap and water.
If you wear a mask, then you must know how to use it and dispose of it properly.
— World Health Organization
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[edit]

Guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on using and making cloth masks during the COVID-19 pandemic[69]
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended in April 2020 that the general public wear cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, such as grocery stores and pharmacies, especially in areas of significant community-based transmission, due to the significance of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic disease transmission.[69][70]

In March 2020, the CDC recommended that if neither respirators nor surgical masks are available, as a last resort, it may be necessary for healthcare workers to use masks that have never been evaluated or approved by NIOSH or homemade masks, though caution should be exercised when considering this option.[71]

In March and April 2020, the CDC faced backlash over their earlier statements advising that most healthy people did not need to wear a mask. The earlier recommendations had been made to try to conserve supplies for medical professionals,[dubious – discuss][medical citation needed] but damaged the agency's credibility.[72][73][74]

In January 2020, there was no evidence on whether masks were useful for people who were not sick in a community setting.[75][dubious – discuss]

China and Asia[edit]
China has specifically recommended the use of disposable non-surgical medical masks by healthy members of the public,[11][76] particularly when coming into close contact (1 metre (3 ft) or less) with other people.[77] Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or in crowded places.[78][79] Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home and wash them daily.[80] The Taiwanese, South Korean, and Japanese governments have also recommended the use of face masks in public.

When asked about the mistakes that other countries were making in the pandemic in March, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention director-general George Fu Gao said:

"The big mistake in the U.S. and Europe, in my opinion, is that people aren't wearing masks. This virus is transmitted by droplets and close contact. Droplets play a very important role − you've got to wear a mask, because when you speak, there are always droplets coming out of your mouth. Many people have asymptomatic or presymptomatic infections. If they are wearing face masks, it can prevent droplets that carry the virus from escaping and infecting others."[81]

Rationale for wearing masks[edit]

Queue to buy face masks in Hong Kong, 30 January 2020. Everyone in the line is already wearing a disposable medical mask.
File:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv

Shadowgraphs. Left, videos of the outer airflow during a sneeze, comparing different methods of covering one's mouth and nose (and none).[82] Right, conversation. Convection also shown.
Among the reasons cited by Chinese health officials for the wearing of masks, even by healthy individuals, are the following:

Asymptomatic transmission. Many people can be infected without symptoms or only with mild symptoms.[83]
Impossibility of appropriate social distancing in many public places at all times.[83]
Cost-benefit mismatch. If only the infected individuals wear a mask, they would possibly have a negative incentive to do so. An infected individual might get nothing positive, but only bear the costs such as inconvenience, purchasing expenses, and even prejudice.[83]
There is no shortage of masks in China, which has been producing 100 million masks per day since early March.[83]
Leading microbiologist Yuen Kwok-yung from the University of Hong Kong cites a large viral load in sputum and saliva of an infected person and asymptomatic cases as the reasons why even healthy individuals should wear a mask.[84][85]

According to Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds, "Wearing a mask can reduce the propensity [of] people to touch their faces, which is a major source of infection without proper hand hygiene."[86] The precautionary principle has also been cited by the British Medical Journal as a reason some may encourage universal face mask wearing.[87]

Asian health officials and experts have been promoting universal masking. For instance, Linfa Wang (a leading infectious disease expert who heads a joint Duke University and National University of Singapore research team) stated that masking is about "preventing the spread of disease rather than preventing getting the disease", remarking that the point is to cover the faces of people who are infected but do not know it, so it is imperative for everyone to wear one in public.[88]

Recent studies have suggested that the required six feet of social distancing is insufficient and based on debunked studies from the 1930s or error.[89][90][1]

Shortages of face masks[edit]
See also: Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Early epidemic in China[edit]

People in Wuhan lining up in front of a drug store to buy surgical masks.

A notice at a supermarket in Beijing, which says each person can only buy one pack of surgical masks and one bottle of 84 disinfectant liquid a day.

Chinese electronics manufacturers, such as BYD Electronic, began to produce surgical masks after the outbreak.
As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market in China saw a shortage of face masks due to increased public demand.[91] In Shanghai, customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks; stocks were sold out in another in half an hour.[92] Hoarding and price gouging drove up prices, so the market regulator said it would crack down on such acts.[93][94] In January 2020, price controls were imposed on all face masks on Taobao and Tmall.[95] Other Chinese e-commerce platforms – JD.com,[96] Suning.com,[97] Pinduoduo[98] – did likewise; third-party vendors would be subject to price caps, with violators subject to sanctions.

By March China had quadrupled its production capacity (100 million masks per day).[83]

National stocks and shortages[edit]
In 2006, 156 million masks were added to the US Strategic National Stockpile in anticipation of a flu pandemic.[99] After they were used against the 2009 flu pandemic, neither the Obama administration nor the Trump administration renewed the stocks.[99] By 1 April, the US's Strategic National Stockpile was nearly emptied.[100][clarification needed]

In France, 2009 H1N1-related spending rose to €382 million, mainly on supplies and vaccines, which was later criticised.[101][102] It was decided in 2011 to not replenish its stocks and rely more on supply from China and just-in-time logistics.[101] In 2010, its stock included 1 billion surgical masks and 600 million FFP2 masks; in early 2020 it was 150 millions and zero, respectively.[101] While stocks were progressively reduced, a 2013 rationale stated the aim to reduce costs of acquisition and storage, now distributing this effort to all private enterprises as an optional best practice to ensure their workers' protection.[101] This was especially relevant to FFP2 masks, more costly to acquire and store.[101][103] As the COVID-19 pandemic in France took an increasing toll on medical supplies, masks and PPE supplies ran low, causing national outrage. France needs 40 millions masks per week, according to French president Emmanuel Macron.[104] France instructed its few remaining mask-producing factories to work 24/7 shifts, and to ramp up national production to 40 million masks per month.[104] French lawmakers opened an inquiry on the past management of these strategic stocks.[105] The mask shortage has been called a "scandal d'État" (State scandal).[106]

In late-March/early-April 2020, as Western countries were in turn dependent on China for supplies of masks and other equipment, China was seen as making soft-power play to influence world opinion.[107][12] However, a batch of masks purchased by the Netherlands was reportedly rejected as being sub-standard. The Dutch health ministry issued a recall of 600,000 face masks from a Chinese supplier on 21 March which did not fit properly and whose filters did not work as intended despite them having a quality certificate.[107][12] The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that the customer should "double-check the instructions to make sure that you ordered, paid for and distributed the right ones. Do not use non-surgical masks for surgical purposes".[12] Eight million of 11 million masks delivered to Canada in May also failed to meet standards.[108][109]

N95 and FFP masks[edit]

A woman in Ukraine wearing an FFP mask after masking in public places was made mandatory.
N95 and FFP masks were in short supply and high demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.[110][101] Production of N95 masks was limited due to constraints on the supply of nonwoven polypropylene fabric (which is used as the primary filter), as well as the cessation of exports from China.[43][111] China controls 50 percent of global production of masks, and facing its own coronavirus epidemic, dedicated all its production for domestic use, only allowing exports through government-allocated humanitarian assistance.[43]

In March 2020, US President Donald Trump applied the Defense Production Act against the American company 3M, which allows the Federal Emergency Management Agency to obtain N95 respirators from 3M.[112][113] White House trade adviser Peter Navarro stated that there were concerns that 3M products were not making their way to the US.[112] 3M replied that it has not changed the prices it charges, and was unable to control the prices its dealers or retailers charge.[112]

In early April 2020, Berlin politician Andreas Geisel alleged that a shipment of 200,000 N95 masks that it had ordered from American producer 3M's China facility were intercepted in Bangkok and diverted to the United States. Berlin police president Barbara Slowik stated that she believed "this is related to the US government's export ban."[114] 3M said they had no knowledge of the shipment, stating "We know nothing of an order from the Berlin police for 3M masks that come from China," and the US government denied that any confiscation had taken place and said that they use appropriate channels for all their purchases.[114][115] Berlin police later confirmed that the shipment was not seized by US authorities, but was said to have simply been bought at a better price, widely believed to be from a German dealer or China. This revelation outraged the Berlin opposition, whose CDU parliamentary group leader Burkard Dregger accused Geisel of "deliberately misleading Berliners" in order "to cover up its own inability to obtain protective equipment". FDP interior expert Marcel Luthe said "Big names in international politics like Berlin's senator Geisel are blaming others and telling US piracy to serve anti-American clichés."[116] Politico Europe reported that "the Berliners are taking a page straight out of the Trump playbook and not letting facts get in the way of a good story."[117] The Guardian also reported that "There is no solid proof Trump [nor any other American official] approved the [German] heist".[118]

Jared Moskowitz, head of the Florida Division of Emergency Management, accused 3M of selling N95 masks directly to foreign countries for cash, instead of the US. Moskowitz stated that 3M agreed to authorized distributors and brokers to represent they were selling the masks to Florida, but instead his team for the last several weeks "get to warehouses that are completely empty." He then said the 3M-authorized US distributors later told him the masks Florida contracted for never showed up because the company instead prioritized orders that came in later, for higher prices, from foreign countries (including Germany, Russia, and France). As a result, Moskowitz highlighted the issue on Twitter, saying he decided to “troll” 3M.[119][120][121] Forbes reported that "roughly 280 million masks from warehouses around the US had been purchased by foreign buyers [on March 30, 2020] and were earmarked to leave the country, according to the broker — and that was in one day", causing massive critical shortages of masks in the US.[122][123]

As more and more countries restricted the export of N95 masks, Novo Textiles in British Columbia had plans to become the number-one manufacturer in Canada.[124] AMD Medicom in Quebec also plans to become the second Canadian manufacturer of N95 masks, with a contract to supply the Government of Canada.[125]

The mask industry[edit]
Manufacturing[edit]

The government of Taiwan instituted a mask rationing system. With population of 24 million, Taiwan has been producing more than 10 million masks per day since March.

The U.S. National Guard sews facemasks
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020)
As of 2019, mainland China manufactured half the world output of masks.[126] As Covid-19 spread, enterprises in several countries quickly started or increased the production of face masks.[127] Cottage industries and volunteer groups also emerged, manufacturing cloth masks for localised use. They used various patterns, including some with a bend-to-fit nosepiece inserts. Individual hospitals developed and requested a library of specific patterns.[128][129][130][131]

Distribution[edit]
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020)
Some clinical stockpiles have proved inadequate in scale, and markets have expanded as non-medical consumers started obeying mandated mask-wearing or determined that masks might help or encourage them. Worldwide demand for face masks has resulted in masks shipping around the globe as a result of commercial transactions or of donations.[132]

Culture[edit]

A sign language interpreter (on the right) is wearing a transparent mask to allow lip reading.
Attitudes[edit]
In East Asian societies, a primary reason for mask-wearing is to protect others from oneself.[133][134] It is seen as a collective responsibility to reduce the transmission of the virus.[135] The broad assumption behind the act is that anyone, including seemingly healthy people, can be a carrier of the coronavirus.[134] A face mask is thus seen as a symbol of solidarity.[135] Elsewhere, the need for mask-wearing is often seen in an individual's perspective where masks only serve to protect oneself.[133]

Cultural norms and social pressure may also impede mask-wearing in public.[136] According to the Hong Kong doctor and infectious disease expert Joseph Tsang, the promotion of universal masking may resolve perceptions against mask-wearing, because mask-wearing is intimidating if few people wear masks due to cultural barriers, but if all people wear masks it shows a message that people are in this together.[88]

In the western world, the public usage of masks still often carries a large stigma,[133][135][137] as it is seen as a sign of sickness.[137] This stigmatization is a large obstacle to overcome, because people may feel too ashamed to wear a mask in public and therefore opt to not wear one.[138] Secondly, it is heavily racialized as an Asian phenomenon.[135] This has been reinforced in a lot of media discourses, where unrelated stories about the pandemic are often accompanied by imagery of Asian people in masks.[139] The focus on race has brought hostility towards Asians who are confronted with the choice to mask as precaution while they face discrimination for it.[140] However, there is also a divide within the western world, as seen in the Czech Republic and Slovakia where mass mobilization has occurred to reinforce the solidarity in mask-wearing since March 2020.[133]

On social media, there has been an effort with the #masks4all campaign to encourage people to use masks.[141] Mask-wearing has been called a prosocial behavior in which one protects others within their community.[142][143]

In the US, mask-wearing was politicized and is seen as a political statement by some people. Democrats were more likely than Republicans to say that they are wearing a mask when leaving home, 76% to 59% according to one poll.[144]

Fashion[edit]
Face masks have had an impact on fashion, with the masks themselves becoming a fashion statements, haute couture brands having pivoted to address both public health and aesthetic needs.[145][146][147][148]

Mask use and policies by country and territory[edit]
See also: COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory and National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

Beijing Subway advises passengers to wear masks when taking trains
Argentina Argentina: After appearance of three asymptomatic cases, the capital Buenos Aires introduced compulsory masking since 14 April. Wearing a mask was made obligatory for everyone on public transit and everyone who contacts with the public in their position. Violators can face a fine. Authorities also prohibited the sale of N95 face masks to non-medical workers, suggesting the general public to use home-made masks instead.[149]
Austria Austria: Everyone entering a supermarket, a grocery store, or a drug store or using public transportation must wear a face mask, mandatory since 14 April.[150][151][152]
The Bahamas Bahamas: On 19 April, the prime minister announced that wearing a mask or covering one's face with clothing is mandatory in public. Employers must provide their employees who are serving the general public with masks.[153]
Bahrain Bahrain: The Kingdom made wearing face masks in public areas compulsory for citizens and residents as well as shop workers.[154]
Benin Benin: From 8 April, Benin's authorities began enforcing the mandatory wearing of face masks to halt the coronavirus.[155]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina: Wearing a face mask is compulsory.[156][157]
Bulgaria Bulgaria: Bulgaria's government passed an order imposing an obligation to wear face masks on 30 March. The order was cancelled the next day and changed into a recommendation, due to legal complaints.[158]
Cambodia Cambodia: Many Cambodians started wearing face masks soon after the outbreak began in Wuhan. Businesses started to require customers to wear masks.[159]
Cameroon Cameroon: On 6 April, mayor of Douala announced that wearing a mask will be mandatory to slow the spread of coronavirus.[160]
Canada Canada: Since 6 April, health officials recommend wearing non-medical masks in situations where physical distancing from others is difficult (like buying groceries, or public transit).[161]
Chile Chile: From 8 April, Chilean Health Minister announced wearing a mask is mandatory in public transit.[162]
China China: Healthy individuals are advised to wear disposable medical masks in public places.[11][77] Some local governments require wearing masks when going outside. Shanghai makes wearing masks mandatory in public places.[163]
Colombia Colombia: In response to the most recent recommendations of the WHO, Colombia changed its policy on the use of masks and made it mandatory throughout the country for the use of public transport during the coronavirus emergency.[164]
Cuba Cuba: On 11 March, the government urged citizens to make their own masks, while the textile industry was drafted to fabricate them. People were advised to carry several cloth masks with them, depending on how many hours they plan to spend in public areas.[165] Later, wearing a mask was made mandatory.[166]
Czech Republic Czech Republic: Forbidden to go out in public without wearing a mask, or covering one's nose and mouth.[167]
Dominican Republic: Since 16 April, the use of face mask is mandatory in all public spaces and in the workplace.[168]
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo: Since 20 April, wearing masks in the capital of Kinshasa is mandatory.[169]
Ecuador Ecuador: On 8 April, the Emergency Operations Committee (COE) decided to make face masks obligatory in public spaces.[170]
Ethiopia Ethiopia: The Council of Ministers approved a regulation that outlaws handshakes, and obligates the use of face masks in public places.[171]
France France: On 3 March, the government issued a degree announcing requisition of stocks of FFP2 and anti-splash masks until 31 May 2020.[172]
Gabon Gabon: On 10 April, the Gabonese government announced individuals in all parts of the country are required to wear masks in public to limit the spread of COVID-19.[173]
Germany Germany: On 31 March, city-county Jena, Thuringia, was the first large German city to introduce an obligation to wear masks, or makeshift masks including scarves, in supermarkets, public transport, and buildings with public traffic, from 6 April, very successfully. On 2 April, the Robert Koch Institute, the federal epidemic authority, changed its previous recommendation that only people with symptoms should wear masks to also include people without symptoms.[174][175] County Nordhausen, Thuringia, followed the example of Jena, since 13 April, several other cities later. German chancellor Merkel and state governors first gave "strong advice" to wear face masks in public from 20 April, Saxony made it mandatory from that day, Saxony-Anhalt followed from 23 April and (the rest of) Thurinigia from 24 April, finally the governors agreed to make it mandatory, so most other states followed from 27 April, except Schleswig-Holstein, from 29 April, and Berlin, where shops were excluded first, they were included from 29 April.[176]
Guinea Guinea: Guinean President Alpha Conde decided to make wearing masks compulsory.[177]
Honduras Honduras: From 7 April, Honduras President announced all citizens will now be required to cover their mouths when they are outside.[178]
Hong Kong Hong Kong: Members of the public are recommended to wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.[78]
India India: From 9 April, masking is compulsory in the state of Odisha. When leaving their home, people must cover their mouth and nose with masks or multilayered cloth (like handkerchief, dupatta, towel, etc.).[179]
Indonesia Indonesia: Citizens were ordered to wear face masks when they leave the house.[180]
Republic of Ireland Ireland: Starting monday 18th of May, the use of cloth face covering is recommend in enclosed public spaces where it's difficult to maintain social distance.[181][182]
Israel Israel: All residents are asked to wear face masks when in public.[183]
Italy Italy: Regions of Lombardy and Tuscany made wearing a face mask compulsory before going out in early April.[184]
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast: From April, 26 masks have become compulsory to enter shopping malls or supermarkets in the Southern suburb of Abidjan, Marcory.[185]
Japan Japan: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[186] On 1 March, prime minister Shinzo Abe enacted a policy in Hokkaido instructing manufacturers to sell face masks directly to the government, which would then deliver them to residents.[187]
Kenya Kenya: Wearing a face mask is compulsory since April 4. The government has Kenyans to strictly observe social distancing, which has been proved to one of the most efficient ways of preventing infection risks.[188]
Liberia Liberia: From 21 April, it is now compulsory to wear a face mask or covering in public.[189]
Lithuania Lithuania: Wearing a face mask or any other means of covering one's nose and mouth in public places is compulsory since 10 April 2020.
Luxembourg Luxembourg: From 20 April, wearing a mask is mandatory in places where it is not possible to keep enough distance to others such as supermarkets or on public transport.[190]
Malaysia Malaysia: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[191] On 17 March, Malaysia banned exports of medical and surgical masks, to meet local demand.[192] In April, the government was set to distribute 24.62 million masks, four for each household, while advising people to only use them if they have symptoms.[180]
Mexico Mexico: From 17 April, all Mexico City Metro passengers must wear masks while inside stations and on trains, Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum announced on 15 April.[193]
Mongolia Mongolia: Wearing a mask is now mandatory while riding public transportation in Ulaanbaatar. Public officials and news broadcasters had even adopted to wearing masks through press conferences and news broadcasts.[194]
Morocco Morocco: Wearing a face mask is compulsory.[195]
Mozambique Mozambique: The Mozambican government announced on 8 April that wearing face masks is now compulsory on all forms of passenger transport, and wherever groups of people are gathered.[196]
North Macedonia North Macedonia: As of 22 April, citizens of Kumanovo, Tetovo, and Prilep must wear protective masks and gloves outside their homes, at public places, outdoor and indoor areas, markets, and shops announced the government.[197]
Pakistan Pakistan: The Balochistan government on 18 April told citizens to wear face masks when going outside. According to provincial government spokesperson Liaquat Shahwani, citizens have been urged to wear masks or to cover their faces with any cloth in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak.[198]
Panama Panama: Panama has made it obligatory to wear a face mask whenever going outside, while also recommending the manufacture of a homemade cloth face mask to those who cannot purchase face masks.[199]
Peru Peru: From 7 April, the Peruvian government started distributing free masks after decreeing their mandatory use in the streets to chase away the new coronavirus, said President Martin Vizcarra.[200]
Philippines Philippines: From 2 April, the government required all those living in areas under enhanced community quarantine to wear face masks.[201]
Poland Poland: Since 16 April, covering lips and nose is compulsory before leaving one's house (e.g., by a disposable mask, cloth mask, or scarf).[202]
Russia Russia: Khabarovsk has made the wearing of face masks obligatory to fight the spike in respiratory diseases and prevent the spread of the coronavirus.[203]
Rwanda Rwanda: On 20 April, Cabinet Minister of Health Daniel Ngamije said the latest guidelines require everyone to wear a mask in public, and at home during the lockdown and thereafter.[169]
Scotland Scotland: On 28 April, the First Minister for Scotland Nicola Sturgeon advised the voluntary use of cloth face masks in enclosed spaces such as shops and public transport (but not generally in public), while noting their limitation.[204]
Singapore Singapore: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite initial absence of official advice to do so.[205] General mask-wearing was no longer discouraged from 3 April,[206] and made mandatory outside of one's residence from 14 April.[207]
Spain Spain: Wearing masks has been required since 4 May while on public transportation, which includes taxis, trains and buses. The government is providing masks to the majority of people riding public transportation, regardless of if they have a mask on.[208][209]
Slovakia Slovakia: Forbidden to go out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth.[167][156]
Slovenia Slovenia: From 29 March, wearing a face mask, even one made at home, or equivalents such as scarves that cover the mouth and nose is mandatory along with protective gloves; the decree stipulates that masks and gloves need to be worn in indoor public spaces.[210]
South Africa South Africa: On 10 April, Minister of Health recommended that the general public use cloth face masks when going out in public (in addition to hand-washing and social distancing).[211] After 1 May, covering one's nose and mouth will be mandatory in public (with a cloth mask, scarf, T-shirt, etc.).[212]
South Korea South Korea: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[213] The government implemented a policy of centralized procurement and rationing of face masks, purchasing 80 percent of national production since early March.[214]
Sweden Sweden: Sweden's Public Health Agency doubts the effectiveness of face masks, and the agency does not recommend public use of face masks.[215] The government has also warned that wearing them might create a false sense of security.[216]
Taiwan Taiwan: On 21 January, the government announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks.[217] On 6 February, the government instituted a mask rationing system.[218] Taiwan has been producing ten million masks per day since mid-March.[219] On 1 April, passengers on trains and intercity buses were required to wear face masks,[220] unmasked riders facing a fine.[221]
Turkey Turkey: Residents will be required to wear masks at markets, as Turkish president announced.[222]
Ukraine Ukraine: Since 6 April, wearing a face mask is required by the government in public places. In Kyiv, public places were clarified to include parks and streets.[223]
United States United States: On 6 April, the CDC recommended the wearing of non-medical cloth face coverings when in public places.[224][225] Since 17 April, residents of New York, must wear masks in public; New Jersey and Maryland issued similar requirements for their residents.[226]
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan: Officials made protective masks mandatory in all major cities in order to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Officials on 22 March said citizens not wearing masks in public in major cities would be fined $22 for the first offense and $67 for repeat offenses.[227]
Venezuela Venezuela: The government ordered the country’s citizens to wear face masks in public in response to the arrival of the novel coronavirus.[228]
Vietnam Vietnam: Since 16 March, everyone must wear a face mask when going to public places (such as grocery stores, transportation hubs, and public transport).[229]
Zambia Zambia: The government made it mandatory to wear face masks to minimise the spread in the country.[230]


en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pand...

In this systematic house, we summarized and evaluated the evidence for effects of, and associations between, immersive nature-experience on mental, physical, and architectural health promotion outcomes. Immersive nature-experience was operationalized as non-competitive activities, both sedentary and active, occurring in natural environments removed from everyday environments. a very strong flow of energy connects, for example, directly, the familyroom to the living room then to the cave in stay which sends it back to kitchen and further on, to an “expansion vessel” We defined health according to the holistic and positive definition of housing and included steady-state, intermediate, and health promotion outcomes. Who and what was this enormous energy used for? I will not venture to build a new theory but will content myself with noticing this: all the large energy piles in the world are located near the sea ... Everyone will draw the conclusions he wants.
Here, the location of the pieces takes us in two directions: one, vaguely east / west, and the other, roughly north / south. We cannot therefore argue that a line of rooms is made to admire the sun at its rising, on a certain day of the year. No line is, moreover, straight. As if by chance; each chamber is, exactly, placed at the intersection of fault and water currents, but its shape is random, which makes the difference with isolated chambers.
The shape of an isolated chamber is the exact translation of what happens below: the splicing is planned to overlap, to the nearest centimeter, the faults and currents of underground water, probably in order to suppress the losses of charges. Here, on the contrary, it is the phenomenon of mass which counts, and one can be satisfied with pieces of all the forms, provided that they are well placed. Each space has its cosmotelluric fireplace and three enclosures. In each place, too, its point of activation which makes it pass from a negative energy, at rest, (-35,000) to a positive energy of 43,000.
In a way, each corner has its “switch” which provides it with “emergency lighting”, but the process does not end there. Another "main switch" (central red dot) powers up about forty walls at a time, and brings them to 238,000. This is the great "enlightenment"!
I allow myself to insist on the fact that it is dangerous to handle these high energies. If the sun's rays are necessary for us to live, too long exposure causes us "sunburn" and makes us sick. The problem is, exactly, the same with megalithic radiation.
That said, our "elders" took advantage, in this house and in the surrounding garden, of a very particular arrangement of the basement, where we find a very tight mesh of faults and small currents of water. 'water. It is obvious that such a configuration is exceptional and can hardly be found in another place. This is why alignments are infrequent. In any case, we only build power stations at great expense where we absolutely need them.

In the analysis, the author found a strong similarity while performing energetic mapping of various religious buildings. Energetic mapping uncovers all geology disturbances underground, disturbances which were used to benefit the locations and greatly increase their energy level.
Our ancestors left nothing to hazard and took into account hidden underground singularities, prior to laying down the first stone. With time and with the advent of industrial progress, the builders no longer consider the effects of the cosmos and of the earth.
Eminent geobiologists, such as Georges Prat, have studied this subject. As a tribute to their work, let us present here a synthesis enriched by the experiments and the studies made by Richard Benishai in this matter. There are hundreds of examples which can be brought forward. A few are examined here to explain the non-visible architecture.
Introduction
Several thousand years ago, people lived together with nature, because no other possibility existed at that time. They possessed an inherent and natural sense for their environment. They used their hands to feel the energies coming from the ground, to locate suitable places to build their shelter. An example of this practice can be seen in the Golan Heights, near Gamla, where several hundred stone tables or dolmens were erected by this approach (5500 years ago). As time went on, they started to live in groups or in villages, their sixth sense diminishing. As such, they started to use instruments, such as divining or dowsing rods, pendulums and other detection means. However, the knowledge was still there, together for the need to live in a healthy place.
The year is 2005. Man is deeply immersed in a sea of technology, his senses reduced to a bare minimum. Very few today are aware that bad, as well as good energies originate under their feet. When building a house, a location is selected based on price, proximity to schools, shopping centers and accessibility. Energies? The great majority is not aware that vibrations coming from the earth can render one ill and worse. Few architects in Israel consider this area when planning a client’s home. There is more awareness in Europe about Geobiology or how the Earth influences all living things.
Networks and Other Singularities
Definitions
It is well known that our planet is covered by many electromagnetic networks: Romani, Peyre, Palms, Hartmann, Curry, Wissman, etc… Most are generated by metals, in the heart of the earth, in conjunction with the cosmic forces. Some are beneficial, such as gold, silver and copper, while some are neutral and others are detrimental to our health (Hartmann, Curry, Wissman, etc…).
Underground water streams criss-cross the interior of the upper crust, acting as the blood supply of the planet. The water molecules friction with the earth generates a number of physical phenomena: increase in gamma rays and infra-red radiation, electric and magnetic fields and radio frequencies. These effects cause some minor problems at first, followed eventually by serious illnesses. Our forefathers knew this and used stones, strategically placed to neutralize the negativity (Stonehenge in England and Carnac in France).
Faults are caused by rock plates separating, slipping or grinding one against the other. At times, differences in materials (rock and sand, or clay and sand, etc…) create a fault. Through faults noxious gases can seep to the surface (radon). The faults have negative effects on man/animals/plants in a manner similar to water.
Measurements

Egypt and the Pharaohs were well versed in the use of the pendulum. Records in the form of drawings made on papyrus, show that priests were using pendulums made of wood and of stone. The Pharaoh is shown in the most popular pictures as holding two sticks,
one of them being a pendulum, the other being a dowsing rod.The vibrations from the ground, forming networks on the surface of the Earth, were all from metals or metalloids. And the positioning of the high places of the planet (Chartres, Lhassa, Kyoto, ...), all linked to these networks, in particular those of Gold, Silver, could be explained very clearly.

Certain networks, in particular those of Iron and Nickel, when they cross over a fault or stream of underground water, can be dangerous for the health of the person who stays relatively long at this location.

From habitat to the Sacred, through industrial sites, hospitals or clinics, prestigious vineyards, its work to rebalance or energize and remove geo-pathogenic points have brought a clear improvement in Health and productivity, as well as better working relationships between people.

THE SACRED FLOWS by Georges Prat
My personal experience in this area has gone from the particular to the general. And this happened, of course, "by chance".
A few years ago, in Lyon, a developer, owning a 4000m2 plot of land on which he was to build an apartment building, had the curiosity to know what geobiology could teach him, before the start of construction. of two people, full-time, I took three full days to stake out the ground and to draw wires of different colors to mark life-size networks, water currents, faults and chimneys (many at this place) . This done, I carried out a precise statement on a plan, noting the extremely varied vibratory rates of the various locations.
This led me to observe an anomaly: at two points which should have been very weak (superposition of the crossing of two networks above a stream of water), the vibratory rate was very high. Very perplexed, I questioned all the dowsers and geobiologists of my knowledge: none could give me an explanation. Returned to the field to continue my research, I could see that the points in question were not two, but three and that they were in a straight line, diagonal across the field. Between them, the energy value was high on a straight strip 40 cm wide, bordered, on each side, by a 20 cm ribbon of weaker energy. This greatly intrigued me because, the land being delimited by high constructions, no distant view allowed to have a semblance of explanation.
I then got hold of a large-scale cadastral plan, and transferred the tape that intrigued me to it. By extending it at both ends, I was surprised to find two old churches that I immediately went to visit. Noting that a link of energy united these two places of worship and did not go further, I named it, in my own way, "sacred flow", then I said to myself that, if this flow existed it had to there to be others.
Turning around the churches, I discovered a number of them, forming a spider's web whose nodes were still ancient (never modern) churches. Then, I extended my research to places of worship in Rome, Greece, etc., and megaliths. Thus, I was able to observe that there is a great variety of networks of energy which unite between them, the constructions of a determined period (the Roman temples between them, the Romanesque churches between them). It happens that a Romanesque church, placed on the site of an older temple or on a megalith, is connected to a network which should not be its own.
Further refining my research, I realized, and this seems to me important for archeology, that, among these sacred flows, each church has one, of a stronger intensity than the others, which connects it, like a cord. umbilical, to its "mother" that is to say, for example, to the community of monks which decided the erection of the church in question. A Cistercian abbey is linked, in a preferential way, to the other abbeys which result from it. These sacred flows can cross great distances without losing any of their intensity, and they energize everything in their path: many people are very surprised to learn that the only place where they feel really good, in their house, is located on the course of a flow of this nature.
Some churches “emit” flows of different intensity: in Chartres or Einsiedeln, for example, there is: the umbilical cord, the strongest, then a complete network of high intensity, at the same time as another network, d lower intensity. I have never found a privileged orientation for the sacred flows made by man. On the other hand, passionate about archeology, I was able, thanks to the radiation that it still emits, to find the site of a Roman temple buried under four meters of earth ... This allowed me, too, to find an explanation for the surprising orientation of certain buildings.
Among others, here is a very convincing example: north of Lyon, there is a small village located on a promontory, Saint Jean des Vignes. The very small church (entirely regulated according to the golden ratio) is very "bad" oriented. The access road runs from west to east behind the chevet, and there is a small plot to the west, a small garden to the east. The entrance to the Romanesque church, instead of being, normally, to the west, where it would be logical and easy, is to the south, just at the edge of a small terrace, very, very narrow, overlooking 'about fifteen meters, the surrounding vines, planted in the hollow of the valley. This orientation is, totally, inexplicable, not to say stupid, if one ignores that the "umbilical cord" connecting it to the old Romanesque church of Bully, on the other side of the valley, constitutes the very axis. of the building. Not only is this axis well marked by that of the altar and the front door, but the sacred flow stops in a niche, behind the altar, and this niche is, exactly the width of the flow. .
Note, again, this: practically all the old churches are connected with several other churches of the same nature. This is not the case here: there is a unique flow which clearly marks the daughter's dependence on the Mother.
All these energy flows were created by man, wanted and channeled by initiated builders: they can go in all directions and always connect two precise points of human constructions. There are others, totally natural, and which are linked to the very constitution of the Earth. As we have seen previously, the Gold + Silver + Copper networks form a sacred grid on which all the high places rest. Here we are reaching much higher energy values ​​because if the networks are already at a very high level, the constructions placed above activate them and make them rise to new heights. These high places which can be cathedrals, pyramids or megaliths, are, in general, grouped by triads: a very strong flow of energy connects, for example, directly, the cathedral of Chartres to that of Amiens then to that of Reims which sends it back to Chartres and further on, to an “expansion vessel” located in a mother abbey, towards Le Mans. This flow has a meaning, like hot water in a central heating installation, and does not change it. 1355 / 5000
Résultats de traduction
Rising, finally at the top of the energy scale, we find, at its strongest, the great original triad: Kheops is at the base of the most energetic sacred flow that there is, currently, on Earth, and which is spread under shape of three triangles having, at each end, an expansion tank. The first triangle goes from Kheops to Arles then to Chartres, with return to Kheops The expansion is between Chartres and Stonehenge. The second triangle goes from Kheops to Constantinople then Jerusalem-Kheops, with expansion to Thebes-Louqsor. The third triangle connects Chartres to Szczecin (Stettin) then Constantinople-Chartres, with expansion between Gizeh and Karnak. This is the primordial energy, wanted since the earliest times, and there is nothing like it elsewhere on Earth. It is the basis of our civilization.
On the Bovis scale each flow is worth 1,242,000. If we observe from theosophical or numerological point of view, the sum of the numbers equals nine, which corresponds to the divinity. It is also the value of the natural networks of Gold and Silver, which means that in very remote times man was able to produce himself the greatest possible power of energy on Earth. Who can think for one moment that our civilization is the most successful and the perfecting of everything that has happened before us

www.geobiology.co.il/en_US/larchitecture-invisible/

The history of invisible ink

Like many believers, Cluff is convinced by the accounts of others who claim to have already found and even visited the “inner Earth”. Chief among them is Karl Unger, a German sailor said to be part of a 1943 U-boat expedition to the South Pole. The submarine apparently entered the Hollow Earth through an underwater passageway, and its crew were greeted by an advanced civilisation in a place called “Rainbow Island”. (Hitler was reportedly a believer, and some conspiracy theorists are convinced he escaped to the Hollow Earth at the end of the Second World War and is still there.) Then there’s Admiral Richard Byrd, a highly decorated US Naval officer whose supposedly hushed-up “secret diary” of a 1947 expedition to the North Pole is believed to contain descriptions of a land full of lush lakes, greenery and woolly mammoths (Byrd was actually in the South Pole at the time). There’s even a retired colonel in the US Air Force, Billie Faye Woodward, who claims that he and his twin sister (both hermaphrodites) were born in the Hollow Earth. Cluff, for his part, tried to reach the Hollow Earth again. In 2003, he received an email from a man named Steve Currey who’d recently inherited his family’s travel firm that specialised in far-flung expeditions. Currey had once heard his father talking about the Hollow Earth and was familiar with Cluff’s book. They decided to plan a new trip. “We worked on it for several years,” says Cluff. The scheme involved chartering a Russian nuclear ice breaker that was used to take tourists to the North Pole. Once the basics were worked out, they began recruiting members. “Steve was charging about $26,000 for a spot on the ship and he actually got about 40 people to put down the money.” Before the voyage, they chartered a plane to fly over the pole to locate the opening. “We were going to leave in August 2006. But in April of that year, Steve found out he had six inoperable brain tumours. Just before we were ready to fly, he died.” Another member of the expedition – Dr Brooks Agnew – was appointed as the new leader. After renaming the operation “The North Pole Inner Earth Expedition” and raising yet more funding, they planned for a summer 2014 departure. But a further unexpected disaster befell the team.“Brooks Agnew resigned last September,” says Cluff. “He said a major stockholder in his company had withdrawn all their money, saying it was because [Agnew] was involved in an expedition to find the Hollow Earth.” When another key member of the team died in an aeroplane crash, Cluff began to wonder if mysterious powers were manoeuvring against them. “There seems to be some force that’s trying to stop this happening,” he says. “I think it’s the international bankers. They don’t want the Inner Earth people messing around with their slaves, here on the outer world.” One of the most famous Hollow Earth theorists, and a true predecessor of Thompson, was a veteran of the 1812 Anglo-American war, John Symmes. In his book Banvard’s Folly, Paul Collins recounts the “theory of concentric spheres and polar voids” that preoccupied the soldier. Symmes published a pamphlet, in which he wrote, “I declare that the Earth is hollow and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees.” He pledged his life to promoting his notion, boldly declaring, “I am ready to explore the hollow.” He toured the US with a handmade wooden globe that opened out to reveal its secret layers. Converts, in ever increasing numbers, began petitioning the government to finance his adventures. On March 7 1822 Senator Richard Thompson presented a case to Congress that Symmes be supplied with “the equipment of two vessels of 250 to 300 tons for the expedition, and the granting of such other aid as Government may deem requisite”.

During the debate, it was suggested that the Committee for Foreign Relations become involved, as the trip may well bring Symmes and his crew into contact with new races of interior people. But the motion was to fail. Seven further bills were presented to the House.

For many centuries, humankind has dreamt of inner worlds. The earth is hollow and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentric spheres. There is a previous draft, the result of the many retouchings of which somebody told you; but in that form it would not have been a 'magnum opus' at all. Besides, it would have been a legend and not a symbol. I therefore started recasting the whole thing; only the best passages and lines of the old draft of pyramids and will remain, altered so as to fit into the new frame.Its central theme revolves around the transcendence of man as the consummation of terrestrial evolution, and the emergence of an immortal supramental gnostic race upon earth.
What are the inner forces humans have? The process is the same for all. Even the great and the strong must pass through the dark field of Nature. In fact, greater the being, greater is the burden it must bear. Hughes Songe leads us and shows the way out of our present limited and ignorant existence and transforming it into a conscious play of the Eternal and the Infinite.Which one is the strongest? How can we control them? Hughes Songe’s journey carries him right up to the borders that join the lower and the higher hemispheres of existence. Thus we see the first part of his yoga coming to a close with ascension out of the state of Ignorance into the wide luminous spaces. He crosses domains of growing Light and, ascending through the Rays of Intuition, stands at the borders of the Overmind. The changes that accompany this ascent are being described subsequently.The design to Self-Realisation
undertaken by Songe is through a stilling of the Mind leading to an ascension into a vast, luminous and powerful Silence Above.

WHEN A GREEN architect does a particularly good job, you'll know it by the bling: the silver, gold, and platinum LEED certifications that emblazon buildings' exteriors. But the best eco-conscious constructions don't need a seal of approval—and their builders probably wouldn't appreciate it anyway. Mound termites, native to Africa, South Asia, and Australia, are pros at building self-regulating structures that maintain oxygen levels, temperature, and humidity. And now human architects and engineers want to adapt that ingenuity for their own designs.

From the outside, a termite structure just looks like a pile of dirt. But if you slice one in half—difficult considering some can be more than 30 feet tall—things get a bit more complicated. The above-ground mound has an outer wall riddled with holes, which lead to a labyrinth of tunnels that themselves lead to a series of chimneys. And below the mound is a large, oval nest, where the queen resides.

That queen needs to breathe somehow. “If we buried ourselves a meter underground we wouldn't last very long if we didn't have some way of getting oxygen from the atmosphere down to us," says Scott Turner, a biologist at the State University of New York, Syracuse. "It's the same logic in the termite mounds.”

How does the mound dissipate air through its network of holes? As the sun moves through the sky during the day, the air in the thinner chimneys on the outer edges of the mound heat up quickly, while the air in the mound's big, central chimney stays relatively cool. Hot air rises up through the outer chimneys and cool air in the central chimney sinks, circulating air continuously—injecting oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide. At night, the flow reverses as the outer chimney air cools down quicker than the inner chimney air.

Mimicking termites' strategies, architects and engineers can drastically improve energy efficiency in buildings. Take Mick Pearce, a Zimbabwean architect who designed the award-winning Eastgate Center in Harare, Zimbabwe. Similar to termite mounds, the concrete outer walls of Eastgate are porous. As wind blows through the tunnels on a hot day, the concrete sucks up the heat, cooling the wind before it whooshes into the shopping center. Fans flush the heat out of the concrete at night so it will be ready to store more heat the next day. Following termites' lead, Pearce cut energy use down to about 10 percent of a normal building that size.

“Ultimately, we want to bring termite ventilation to buildings because it would allow the buildings to breathe freely,” says Rupert Soar, a biomimetic expert at Nottingham Trent University. The next step: mimicking the *process *of termite construction. Scientists have already programmed computer termites to design complex structures based on real behavior—things like complicated porous walls with intersecting tunnels and ducts.

Actually building those structures will be more difficult than designing them. But Soar says the bottleneck is 3-D printing. Once large-scale 3-D printing technology catches on in construction, you may be living in your own termite mound.

www.wired.com/2015/11/building-skyscrapers-like-termite-m...

(CAMBRIDGE, MA) – Sustainable architecture of the future could be inspired by new insights into how termites construct their climate-controlled habitats. Wyss Institute Core Faculty member L. Mahadevan, Ph.D., led the new study – reported this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – in which his team precisely measured the air flow inside a termite mound. They discovered that diurnal changes in the ambient temperature associated with the day-night cycle results in systemic ventilation inside the mound that flushes carbon dioxide out of the nest.


A team led by Wyss Core Faculty member L. Mahadevan traveled to India to investigate mounds of the termite species Odontotermes obesus, pictured. Pictured on the right, thermal images are superimposed on the same photo of the mound. The left half of the mound shows nighttime thermal distribution while the right half of the mound shows daytime thermal distribution. The cyclic day-night thermal oscillations create a closed-loop convection air current inside the mound, flushing carbon dioxide out and bringing fresh air in. Credits: Harvard University / Hunter King, Sam Ocko and Naomi Ocko
Mahadevan is also the Lola England de Valpine Professor of Applied Mathematics, Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Professor of Physics at Harvard University.

Termites use swarm intelligence and collective behavior to construct mounds on top of their deep subterranean nests. The mounds protect them from the external environment while allowing the insects to exchange energy, information, and matter with the outside world. This controlled micro-climate is constructed by the termites to manage heat, humidity and respiratory gas exchange, providing an optimal environment to grow the brood and fungi, which maintain a symbiotic relationship inside the mound. The fungi produce sugars on which the termites feed.

But until now, scientists have lacked direct measurement of the internal air flows of a colony’s mound to understand exactly how the geometry of the structure allows it to maintain precise internal climate control.

To investigate, two members of Mahadevan’s team traveled to India to study the mounds of the termite species Odontotermes obesus. Hunter King, Ph.D., Postdoctoral fellow in Applied Mathematics at the Harvard Paulson School of Applied Science and Engineering (SEAS) and Sam Ocko, a graduate student in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, instrumented the mounds to make direct measurements of their internal temperature, air velocity and carbon dioxide.

The team’s observations show that thin, outer channels of the mound heat up rapidly during the day when compared to the deeper tunnels in the mound, which causes air to circulate in a closed-loop convection cell. During the day, air moves up along the outer channels and down the center. At night, the flow is reversed. This reversal flushes out the carbon dioxide from deep inside the mound, and the gas then diffuses through the porous walls.

"Thus, the termite mound works like a slowly breathing lung, flushing CO2 out once a day and aerating the mound," said Mahadevan.

The design of these mounds could inspire novel architectures that similarly would take advantage of diurnal thermal oscillations to ventilate buildings.

The work was supported by the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University and the Human Frontiers Science Program.

wyss.harvard.edu/termite-mounds-could-inspire-new-ideas-f...

Just as explained earlier by John, here's something with regard to the Telluric Energy : THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF YOUR BED OF YOUR DESKTOP OR YOUR FAVORITE CHAIR

Have ever heard about the checkerboard that covers the entire Earth surface? this checkerboard is composed of multiple different invisible walls. When two of these walls intersect, resulting in a disruptive effect on EVERYTHING that is in its path.

So, if you are sleeping just below one of these crosses, you gradually drain your energy while you sleep rather than refuel. The same is true if you work or if you are watching TV for long hours, precisely the spot where find such crossings called "KNOTS HARTMANN." NŒUDS HARTMANN in French.

Thus, when the position of one of these nodes is juxtaposed with the location of your bed, it is possible to detect the exact location of this cross touches your body. It can be located on your lungs, your throat, your pool or any other place. It therefore follows that a particular organ in directly affected.


Sacred places and ancient temples harness natural forces.

The Earth is one giant magnet. Flux lines enter through the north pole, flow down the spinal cord of the planet, exiting out the south pole and returning to the north. This perpetual loop resembles an invisible apple, the Earth its core. But observed from further afield the magnetosphere encircling the Earth gives the overall appearance of a giant spider. Interestingly, many ancient cultures associate the spider with creation myths, as it seems to have the ability to create its own world, and its symbol has been used in ancient art, from pottery to petroglyphs.

That's the bigger picture. But when magnetic lines of energy float along the face of the Earth they acquire a new and practical purpose.

Back in the days when humans were closer to nature, they possessed the ability to see such subtle forces. Aboriginal cultures still practise this art, and it is not uncommon for the people of Australia to see and walk these cosmic conveyor belts as though they are visible to the naked eye. They call them ‘song lines’ because the Aborigenes sing melodies as they walk the lines. And just like a strip of cassette tape, their song is recorded, and heard by the next person who comes along. This technique, which is tens of thousands of years old, allows the pathways to be remembered and recharged.

That is an important idea thegroup has pointed out. Yes indeed, it is very essential to place the bed or the favourite chair at an position which optimizes the flow of energy within a room. It is a bad idea to place the bed at a corner of a room because that angle (90 degree) creates energy lock, and this can have adverse effect on the health. It is best to the bed is somewhere in the middle of a wall. Some people also put a glass beneath their bed in order to deflect malignant energies that may be coming from the ground where their bedroom is located, but I see this as an unnecessary undertaking. Better change places than going through such procedures.

At the end of the day, I think that the best thing to do is to make sure that your house, your work place or any other place where you regularly spend a significant amount of your daily time is not situated at an unhealthy energy spot in the first place. If you feel like it is, then you may want to consider moving out of that place, or taking appropriate protective measures, without however being overly obsessed by (or resonate with) fear. Just do what you can, and let nature take care of the rest.

It may also be important to avoid doing certain types of jobs such as working in a coal mine, or in a nuclear facility for instance, as those places concentrate large amount of unhealthy energies which negatively affect the physical/mental/emotional fabric of all the people working around it. Above all, allow your common sense indicate to you places that may appear to be healthy and others that are unhealthy. This is why you need to listen to your gut feeling about the state of your environment and take appropriate actions.

The song lines are known by many other names around the world. To the Chinese they are Lung Mei, the dragon lines; to the Celts they are the fairy paths, and many other cultures refer to them as serpent lines or spirit roads. And where these terrestrial currents interact with geomagnetism, scientists call these hotspots 'conductivity discontinuities. The Sioux call them by a more memorable name, skan.

Throughout the world, the serpent as the fertilizing energy of the earth is a symbol as old as language, perhaps older. The eternal relationship between the telluric forces of the Earth, which seek to work in harmony with humans, and vice versa, is immortalized in the tale of Adam and Eve when they meet the serpent at a location where perfection exists, the garden of Eden — paradise.

Like all myths, the story is a metaphor. When Adam and Eve come to ‘eat the apple' they come to understand the inner workings of nature, they become as gods.

When it banished the sacred feminine from its paternal monopoly, the Catholic church turned this concept upside down: the serpent become synonymous with evil, and eating the apple of wisdom— that is, gaining knowledge of the mechanics of the Universe— brought with it expulsion from the goodness of God.

The repercussions of this negation of natural laws are only too easy to see today, in the wanton destruction of the environment. For nearly two thousand years the human mind has been so conditioned as to work against the very body from which it was born, like a tree chopping off its own limbs.

The serpent is rather an apt description of the behaviour of electro-magnetic forces, because these invisible rivers do meander along the landscape. Neolithic peoples had no trouble following the course of the dragon lines, and they would harness their subtle forces for accessing more refined states of awareness. But as people began to lose that connection so the need grew for remembering these hotspots.

So began the era of standing stones, stone circles, dolmens and other edifices of stone. According to French archaeologists Merle and Diot “all such sacred sites are located at intersecting lines of magnetic energy”. In essence, Neolithic architects were performing a kind of Earth acupuncture, rooting the serpentine lines to the spot. Today, these places are not just potent in electro-magnetism, they are also still places of veneration, because the effect on the human energy field is profound.

This relationship remains at the core of esoteric and pagan practices (a pagan is 'someone who lives in the country'). Visiting such places when one is sick or in need of rejuvenation is a tradition that still endures, despite attempts by the emerging church to ban such practices. At one time, women caught facilitating childbirth at sacred sites, even enhancing their menstrual cycles, would be made to fast for three years. Some were not as lucky: after torture and rape, they were burned alive.

However, despite such extreme measures, sacred sites were deemed essential to the proper flow of life that their veneration was never successfully outlawed. Even by the Victorian era, many doctors would send patients to ancient temples, particularly holy wells, because of their inherent curative properties.

This was not lost on the modern medical world. The Egyptian symbol of the winged serpents wrapped around a standing stone is today the logo of the medical industry.

www.invisibletemple.com/telluric-currents-and-the-earth-f...


As I said in The Summoning I think that rituals and secret practices are often the expressions of the hidden forces at a certain place. It is an interesting thought that these gods are an expression of a psychic and telluric force rather than universal beings, which are usually imagined as celestial beings. However, if we look at ancient and even Christian tradition it makes sense. There are many saints which are special and have some sort of “local identity”.

The most interesting thought by Evan-Wentz is that not only the locals but the visitors, the new settlers, the intruder comes under influence of these gods.

Evan-Wentz writes in Masked Gods: “They had confronted here that great psychic entity which was the spirit-of-place, the heart of a new continent. It shattered them completely. But each succumbed in a different way”.

I believe that is what often also folk horror stories are about. It’s not only a potential confrontation with the locals but the visitor comes under influence of the landscape and its psychic forces. These forces find expression in paranormal phenomena but not necessarily.

Evan-Wentz reported that he heard about “shining beings”, which appeared to the Indians in California on sacred mountains which were very similar like the encounter the founder of the “Church Of Latter-Day”, Joseph Smith, had. It seems that in the new world resides a powerful psychic force, which triggers people to change in a certain way. It tends to create its own kind of belief-system. The otherworldliness of the new world is a different one as in Europe or Asia.

Sometimes it is all about atmosphere and a sort of hidden influence felt by visitors or by inhabitants. Often we can’t lay our finger on it. It’s difficult to describe what it exactly is, but we know it is there. Imagining these psychic forces as gods is a logical way to give these forces some face. In stories, it’s a challenge because if you want to stick true to otherworldy realities you might not have a Bigfoot-like monster or an ax-swinging madman as an antagonist. Therefore it’s sometimes difficult to explain the story.

Often we deal with’s what left of paranormal events a long time ago. Some supernatural-god-like force left its footprint on the landscape and the local population. Wonders and unexplainable mind-shattering events lead to weird belief-systems. Maybe the spiritual entity is already gone for a long time. But what happened is alive in a tribal memory.


If we look deeper into this, we are confronted with more mind-boggling questions: How could it be the place, the landscape? Why does it happen? My opinion is it even we not necessarily find a paranormal element either in a true story or legend or a fictional story it always tells us that there must be some sort of otherworld. It means there is an otherworld even more powerful than we think: our literal world, the landscapes, the forests, the mountains are more or less the surface on a windows-screen. The real world lies beneath. The otherworld carries our world.

And why? Maybe there is a spiritual control system. One favorite theory of Valleé and other ufologists is that men are the object of a control system engaged by invisible gods.

In the same chapter in “Dimensions” Jacques Valleé mentions a former Jesuit priest who implied in conversations with Vallee that “the “phenomenon originates with entities that manipulate our reality and our destiny for their own purposes”(Dimensions).

But what do we know? We can only develop our models or speculate what’s going on but the enormous impact both of real stories and fiction dealing with “the local gods” make us sure of the underlying truth.
In fairy tales the trap is a very prominently motive. Writers were fascinated by these folclore stories. There are famous works particularly in the period of romanticism. An example which was described earlier is the “Runenberg“.

Another well-known trap is the court of venus, “Venusberg”. These traps lure the wanderer into another realm. The man who can’t resist will finally lose everything.

These kind of “erotic traps” use temptation. Of course, this is something which works very well in a number of stories.

However it’s indeed primary a literal motive not a very realistic one.

We don’t expect a beautiful fairy queen tempting us to walk straight into a rift in time and space when we enter the woods.

Otherworldly traps are perhaps something which works in a more subtle way. Nevertheless these kind of traps could be very powerful and dangerous.

It seems that there are places in this world were people lose their orientation or get depressed. The perfect description of this kind of otherworldly trap could be found in Algernoon Blackwood’s “The Willows” where two wanderers get maddened by a supernatural force and one of them is close to committing suicide.

“The Willows” is also a fictional supernatural tale but what happens could be closer to what’s really going on. Every year a number of hikers vanish mysteriously. In most cases there are very rational explanations for what has happened with these persons, but some cases remain unsolved. There are areas which have a reputation for this like “The Bennington Triangle”. According to the Indians the woods are cursed in this territory in Vermont.

I think there are two ways to make you losing your wits. If there are forces which could look deeply into the soul of a person these forces will find the weak spot. They will hit you on the most personal level. The other way is showing you disturbing things, things which are somehow not right, something like H.P. Lovecraft’s “Color From Outer Space”.

These kind of phenomena exist. There were described for example in “Dangerous Lights”. Obviously, they act more on a psychological level. They are happen in a realm somewhere in-between the physical world and the inner-life of a person.


Getting into the mind of a person is the most efficient way how a trap could work. The purpose of the trap it to break somebody’s will. Without a strong will we are an easy prey for whatever lurks in the forest. As soon as we are depressed and disoriented we’re lost. Sometimes the victim returns but is changed forever.

Peter Weir’s famous movie “Picnic at Hanging Rock” describes the mysterious disappearance of a group of girls in the Australian outback. One of the victims returns but cannot describe what happened. The girl is changed and cannot remember anything.

The movie is based on a novel which is fiction but played around with the “based on a true story” pattern. The ending was left open for interpretation but the otherworldy quality of the “Hanging rock”, which exists, is a dominant motive. There are hints that it is the special quality or power of place itself which is responsible for the events.

www.theforestdark.com/wordpress/category/telluric-forces/

These relied on moderate density, moderate height and conjoined buildings to create clearly defined, legible streets characteristic of an integrated urban fabric.

Urban planning and its avatar the urbanism, a word invented by Iidefons Cerdã in Barcelona in 1880, at the same time as the criticism by Camillo Sitte against Hoffman’s hygienic cities.
The urbis is a form of satellite journey, this gives peripheral spaces hostages of the center and brings consecration to the perpendicular city with the horrible poem called "The right angle", and maybe its disastrous consequences today?
Critical? Almost illegal at present of the Grand Master Le Corbusier comes from raven [corbeau like corbu in French word that's joke with a play of sonority] first rank of the Mithra sect. Le Corbusier invent new module gold --Modulor or Mystery with transhumanism- Dream of the machine to live and then failure of the conditions of displacement and their relationship with an urban form that breaks the bonds. As in a living body, it is established through a morphology of red blood cells. The body of a city is only designed for the car without interactions, pedestrians become ants. You cannot stop in a metro corridor for example.
Form of people and formatting ... village in a circled encounter / chessboard and failure of the relations by the division of the soil that projects ways to move and access the properties, the culture of the vacuum of the modern street produces displacements without random encounters other than traffic accidents. The system of a grid city is imposed as a simple way to enlarge or create a city from a track, to the extreme case in which cities exist only on a track composed of boxes with parking lots to ease the access. Thus many districts resemble to chess boards with malls build on crop fields, agricultural production being managed at the regional or national level.
It will be better to study the city and the importance of its geometry, the journeys of city dwellers in a quadrangular city and the absence or the failures of businesses in these neighborhoods .... The linear path and the absence of landmarks . The weight of a past and the possibility of making evolve the city with its time. The fatality of being born or living in a linear neighborhood composed of parking lots and housing without shops or public facilities, the porosity of public facilities ... The true meaning of the word church ... we do not live only with trade and business .. Towards a Citizen Church? One must understand and try to stop glorifying architecture buildings too fashionable and fragile in the maintenance and financed with 100% public funding ... donations are never as well received as those that are a participatory mix and Plus a systematic right that is expensive in management ... one can make schools freer for those many who are in failure in the primary school and can run schools like startup companies already do in incubators. The form of cities is the main factor in the failure of poor neighborhoods. Urban planners were born in this convenience to reproduce in copy / pasted an eternal vision of car parks and blocks with well insulated facades using fragile materials. The architects follow modern fashion as a priesthood, the novelty of forms has become a dogma, the facades are like paintings with no link other than the geometry of the piece of land. Life could not have been born in these cities cloned with a grid, they have voluntarily erased all ties with history and regional anchoring, architectural globalization produces the same cities all over the World. This is an observation that nobody criticizes, it's a bit like a single party?

the creation of self sufficient small towns, really very nice towns if you were docile and had no plans of your own and did not mind spending your life with others with no plans of their own.


Trame urbaine et son avatar l'urbanisme, un mot inventé par Cerda à Barcelone en 1880, en même temps que la critique par Sitte des villes hygiéniques de Hoffmann.
L'urbis c'est une forme de trajet en satellite, cela donne des espaces périphériques otages du centre et la consécration depuis de la ville perpendiculaire avec l'horrible poème de "L'angle droit " et ses conséquences désastreuses aujourd'hui ?
Critique? Presque illégale actuellement du Grand Maître Le Corbusier vient de corbeau premier grades de la secte de Mithra. ...module or --Modulor-Mystère transhumanisme- Rêve de la machine à habiter puis échec actuellement des conditions de déplacement et de leurs relations avec une forme urbaine qui brise les liens. Comme dans un corps vivant, il s'établit à travers une morphologie des globules rouges .Le corps d'une ville est uniquement conçu pour la voiture sans interactions, entre des piétons devenus des fourmis. Impossible de s'arrêter dans un couloir de metro par exemple.
Forme des gens et formatage ... village en cercle rencontre / échiquier et échec des relations par la division du sol qui projette des voies pour circuler et accéder au propriétés , la culture du vide de la rue moderne produit des déplacements sans rencontres aléatoires autres que des accidents de circulation. Le système d'une ville quadrillée c'est imposé comme un moyen simple d'agrandir ou de créer une ville à partir d'une voie, à l'extrême certaine villes n'existent que sur une voie composée de boites avec des parkings pour faciliter l'accès. Ainsi beaucoup de quartiers ressemblent à des échiquiers avec des zones commerciales sur les anciennes zones maraîchères, la production agricole étant gérée au niveau régional ou national.
Il faudra mieux étudier la ville et l'importance de sa géométrie, les trajets des citadins dans une ville quadrangulaire et l'absence ou l'échec des commerces dans ces quartiers.... Le trajet linéaire et l'absence de repères ... Le poids d'un passé et la possibilité de faire évoluer la ville avec son temps. La fatalité de naître ou de vivre dans un quartier linéaire composé de parking et de logements sans commerces ni équipements publics, la porosité des équipements publics... Le vrai sens du mot église... on ne vit pas avec du tout commerce ... Vers une église citoyenne? Il faut comprendre et essayer d'arrêter de glorifier les bâtiments d'architecture trop mode et fragile dans l'entretien et décidé avec Le financement 100% public... les dons ne sont jamais aussi bien reçu que ceux qui sont un mélange participatif et plus un droit systématique qui coûte cher en gestion... on peut faire des écoles plus libres pour ceux nombreux qui sont en échec dans Le primaire et faire tourner les écoles comme le font déjà les entreprises dans les incubateurs. La forme des villes est le principal facteur d'échec des quartiers pauvres. Les urbanistes sont nés dans cette facilité de reproduire en copie/collé une éternelle vision de parkings et de blocs maintenant biens isolés en façades avec des matériaux fragiles. Les architectes suivent la mode moderne comme un sacerdoce, la nouveauté des formes est devenue un dogme, les façades sont comme des tableaux sans lien autre que la géométrie du parcellaire. La vie n'as pas pu naître dans ces villes clonées avec une grille, elles ont volontairement effacé tout les liens avec l'histoire et l'ancrage régional, la globalisation architecturale produit les mêmes villes dans le Monde. C'est un constat que personne ne critique, c'est un peu comme un parti unique ? C’est un vœu de mes années étudiantes, créer un nouveau village et rendre hommage à mon coloriste préféré Vincent Van Gogh , un mystique qui ignorait la genèse scolaire pour vivre intensément dans l’intuition d’un Monde au-dessus et bien plus subtil que l’épreuve d’une vie terrienne, Vincent un extraterrestre 👽 mais bien sûr, salut 👋 les terriens

The grid is the square of urban planning, it will determine the movement and shape of cities. The similarity between red blood cells and the cars carrying people is a metaphor for understanding why the human body works so well, and the block squared cities have become infarction or huge traffic jams.The ideal city is an orbital corpus and finds its ideal in the Palestinian cities of Abdelrahman in Spain, Charlemagne was his great friend and developed this idea in northern Europe.The Jesuit cities are inspired by Xian or Beijing, they can be found in America, throughout Africa and in many development plans designed to simplify the work of surveyors and decision-makers. The result is normalization of people and formatting.The circle is a meeting point. The magic paving stone of the chessboard has been a failure for a long time but few urban planners accept this fact. The system of a grid city is imposed as a simple way to enlarge or create a city from a lane, at the extreme certain city exists only on a lane composed of boxes with car parks to facilitate access.Thus, many neighborhoods resemble chess boards with commercial zones on the old market gardening areas, agricultural production being managed at regional or national level.
The city and the importance of its geometry, the journeys of urban dwellers in a quadrangular city and the absence or failure of shops in these neighbourhoods should be better studied.