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11499 R Kaštel Stari i Novi 973 Prava Fotografija za Mandić Novi Sad 20.VIII.1939.

Kaštel Gomilica. Anno 1938. Naš Jadran Izdao Arhiv za propagandu Jadrana Izvršnog odbora Jadranske straže Glavni urednik Drago Magjer, Cvito Fisković, Vjekoslav Parać, Angjeo Uvodić. s025 11209 R

Friday 17 August 2023

19:45 HŽ B1880 overnight train from Osijek arrives at Kaštel Stari.

© Finbarr O'Neill

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Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

--------------------------------------

Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

maps.app.goo.gl/G9XDXDcoes1dQ3Aa8
Excavations of the GRADINA castle
Category: Tourism
Ranko Starac, B.Sc. archaeologist, curator of the archaeological department
Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka

The archaeological site "Gradina" is located on top of a rugged hill just above the center of the village of Klana. The highest point of the building is 629 m above sea level. The outer outlines of the walls are irregular in shape, 30 m wide and 75 m long.


The strategic-surveillance position was used for the first time during late antiquity, in III. century AD, during the construction of a system of monitoring stations, forts, ramparts known under the name "Liburnian Limes". Given that the limes pass by the town of Studena, this watchtower is already on the territory of the Roman Empire, which means that the Clan was also under Roman rule.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the ancient world and way of life in general, the Clan shares the fate of the rest of the ancient space, which changes masters with relative speed.
In the 10th century, Klana belonged to the Croatian state (around 950, Croatia stretched across the Obruč mountain massif to Muna and Sežana, all the way to the town of Labin), and proof of this is the place Permani, which was named after the Croatian border guards who kept watch according to the German state.
Around 1118, Croatia lost the area from Mun to Klana, which was conquered by the Germans, so that now the new border runs along the river Rječina, and the defense of Croatia is taken over by the citizens of Grobnič and their Permans. It will take over 800 years for the Clan to return under the auspices of the Croatian state.
On behalf of the German Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Bishop of Pula, the conquest of the area from Brseč to Klan was carried out by the Counts of Devinski (named after the Duino castle near Trieste), who are also restoring the former Roman observation tower in order to better supervise the communication area between the cities of Rijeka and Trieste during the XIII. and XIV. century. The observation tower is a rectangular building consisting of one room where only the guard stayed.
In 1351, Rudolf Devinski recognized the Counts of Gorička as his seniors and determined that in the event of the extinction of his family, all his property would pass to them, thus trampling on his oath of loyalty to the Aquileian patriarch. However, as early as 1366, circumstances and interests forced him to recognize the Habsburgs as his masters. In 1399, the Devinski family died out, and their estates were taken over by the Counts of Walsee, granted by the Habsburgs, that is, they were allowed to use the Devinski coat of arms, which is something completely different than the granting of a legal basis for government, because even the Devinskis, who until this time, did not have that right areas that came by robbery. The new managers, the Walsee family, are expanding and expanding the living space, and the former guard area is slowly growing into a small, robust fortress.
Over time, the quality of housing gradually improves, as evidenced by the finds of ovens of various qualities. The chapel of St. was also built in the immediate vicinity. Trinity, from which the fragment of the inscription written in Glagolitic script (written in 1439) probably originates, today built into the facade of the parish church of St. Jerolim. The expansion of the premises and the construction of the chapel prove that already at that time a representative of the Gothic captain lived in the Clan, which can already be considered the core of the future Clan lordship. The Walsee family held this area until 1466, when the last descendant of the Walsee line, Wolfgang, died, and the clan lordship passed into the hands of the Habsburgs based on his will.
In 1468, Emperor Frederick III. The Habsburgs leased fortified customs offices (customs houses) in Klana and Rijeka to Messrs. Barbo for two years for 1,400 cekins per year. The Barbo family, still in an unspecified way, comes into possession of the entire estate and the settlement of Klane. Due to the entry of the city of Gotnik into the so-called Rijeka district, it loses its importance, and Klanjska Gradina soon expands and includes more free space for the reception of the population and livestock. Certain partitions at the closing of the old, pedestrian entrance at the immediate foot of the palace, where in a narrow, covered corridor, next to this entrance, a "kukach" rifle was found, which is among the oldest examples of firearms ever produced. It dates back to the half of the 14th century. century, and was filled through a tube and ignited using a wick.
Namely, in the second half of the XV. century, and especially in the 16th century, Europe was seriously threatened by the invasion of the Ottomans. The army and local authorities organize a whole system of postal couriers for the urgent transmission of news, so a notification system is created along the border. Namely, the entire system of transmitting information and mail until then rested on the courier service, but the lightning-fast and unpredictable Ottoman incursions led to the realization of the necessity of a system that would alert people in a timely manner and prevent surprises. A specific warning system is being developed, with a combination of optical (cress) and acoustic (horns, bells) signs, as well as courier services.
Klanjska kaštel always had two horsemen at the ready, who on light karst horses would signal danger towards Ljubljana and Trieste. Namely, at the first announcement of the arrival of the enemy or the arrival of the so-called the "Turkish letter" from Klan would be moved immediately by couriers, footmen or horsemen, depending on the urgency. One would head towards the nearest fortified castle in Gotnik, and Jablanc, Prem and Senožeć, and the other would carry the letter to Novigrad (Podgrad) and on to Trieste. Having received the letter, the commanders put a mark on it when they received it and sent it on to remove any responsibility from themselves. Almost all such letters have CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (quick, quick, fastest) written on the front page. Couriers would announce their arrival at their destination with gunshots: Two shots - a call to the defenders to arms, and to the vulnerable population to take shelter. Three shots - a sign that the Turks were already on the march. kresov (smolnice). If the fire was lit during the day, it was tried to make as much smoke as possible, and if it was lit at night, it was tried to be as big as possible. Where they had them, all the bells were rung, drums were beaten and horns sounded.
Thus, in January 1559, an Ottoman army (mostly Bosniaks) led by Malkoč Beg (known in history as one of the most warlike Krajina beys, participated in the conquest of Klis in 1537) invaded Kranjska from Bosnia. They ravaged the area, chained women and children and transported them as slaves to Croatia, from where male children were sent to religious-war schools in Istanbul to become fanatical janissaries.
However, in front of the robust Klanj castle, the Turkish ferocity was broken. A month later, on February 2, the Turks returned even angrier, fueled by the desire for revenge, but this time they were repulsed and left many dead comrades behind on the scene of the battle. Residents then cut up the bodies of the murdered Turks, then gave them to dogs, according to a report by Martin Bautcher. The Turks gave reason for such anger, and the inhabitants considered that the murdered bodies were unworthy of the country.
As the castle was damaged and became unfit for habitation, its owners, Barbo, built a new, smaller, two-story, classical-type castle located at the foot of Gradina, closer to the settlement itself (today, the headquarters of the Forestry Clan is located there). It burned down in a probably arsonist fire at the beginning of the 18th century, so the then owners and everyone else stopped living in Klana, which had a direct negative impact on the development of the place and the region.
At the beginning of the XVII. Centuries of immediate Turkish danger ends. In the first third of the XVII. century, baroness Elizabetta Barbo, daughter of Ludovico Ambrosio Barba, marries baron Carlo Panizzoli and brings the lordship of the Clan to him as a dowry, and because of the Austrian-Venetian war, most likely at the request of the imperial chamber, new corner towers are built in such a way that the old circular towers are partly partitioned and partly demolished, after which new ones were built with a much thicker wall layer with a trapezoidal floor plan. It has the shape of an elongated, irregular patchwork, which completely follows the natural layers of the craggy elevation. The maximum length of the fort is 75 m and the width varies from 20-25 m.
Their daughter Anna Maria marries the knight Orazio Scampicchi, who after her death sells the Clan property to Baron Wolfgang Oberburg. In the first half of the XVIII. century, the Lazzarini Barons came into possession of the Klanje lordship and ruled it for almost a whole century, but their seat was in nearby Guteneg.
After Lazzarini, the Barons Negovetić became the owners of the Clan estate. Andrija Negovetić, Josip's son, whose name is inscribed on the plaque above the entrance to the Klan parish church of St. Jeronimo, he sold on 29. XII. 1860. To Klanjci, the lordship of the Clan, with the entire remaining estate and forest.
After the signing of the "Madrid" peace, the fortress lost its importance and was gradually abandoned, so that in the XIX. century, it almost completely disappeared in the catastrophic earthquake that hit the area of ​​the municipality of Klana
1. III. in 1870, after which all the high-quality stone was removed from the castle due to the reconstruction of the settlement at the foot of the castle. For centuries, the human hand did not even try to stop the devastation of the castle, but on the contrary, the people themselves contributed to the state it is in today.
At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, under the supervision of the Conservation Department of the State Institution for the Protection of Monumental Heritage and with the expert guidance of archaeologists, and at the initiative and organization of the Clan Historian Society, systematic archaeological conservation work began at Gradina Castle. The company, with the help of the Municipality of Klana, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and partly at the beginning of the 21st century, the State, provided all the necessary funds for this long-term work, which is slowly coming to an end. Thanks to a considerable extent to European funds, a convenient access road has been arranged, so that the remains of the castle can be valorized for tourism.

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Iskopi kaštela GRADINA
Kategorija: Turizam
Ranko Starac, dipl. arheolog, kustos arheološkog odjela
Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka

Arheološki lokalitet "Gradina" smješten je na vrhu krševite uzvisine neposredno iznad središta naselja Klana. Najviša točka objekta nalazi se na 629 m iznad mora. Vanjski obrisi zidina nepravilnog su oblika, 30 m širine i 75 m dužine.


Strateško-nadzorni položaj je prvi puta iskorišten tijekom kasne antike, u III. stoljeću nove ere, u vrijeme izgradnje sustava nadzornih postaja, utvrda, bedema poznatih pod imenom "Liburnijski limes". S obzirom da limes prolazi pokraj mjesta Studena, ova se stražarska kula nalazi već na području rimskog carstva, što znači da je i Klana bila pod rimskom vlašću.
Nakon raspada zapadnog Rimskog carstva u V. stoljeću i općenito antičkog svijeta i načina života, Klana dijeli sudbinu ostalog antičkog prostora koji s relativnom brzinom mijenja gospodare.
U X. stoljeću Klana pripada hrvatskoj državi (Hrvatska se oko 950. godine proteže preko gorskog masiva Obruč na Mune i Sežanu, pa sve do grada Labina), a dokaz tome je i mjesto Permani koje je dobilo ime po hrvatskim graničarima koji su čuvali stražu prema njemačkoj državi.
Oko 1118. godine Hrvatska gubi područje od Muna do Klane koje osvajaju Njemci, tako da sada nova granica teče duž rijeke Rječina, a obranu Hrvatske preuzimaju Grobničani i njihovi permani. Trebat će preko 800 godina da se Klana vrati pod okrilje hrvatske države.
U ime Njemačkog carstva, akvilejskog patrijarha te pulskog biskupa, osvajanje područja od Brseča do Klane izvršili su grofovi Devinski (nazvani po kaštelu Duino kod Trsta) koji i obnavljaju nekadašnji rimski osmatrački toranj kako bi što bolje mogli vršiti nadzor nad komunikacijskim područjem između gradova Rijeke i Trsta tijekom XIII. i XIV. stoljeća. Osmatrački je toranj pravokutna građevina koja se sastoji od jedne prostorije u kojoj je boravila samo straža.
1351. godine Rudolf Devinski priznaje grofove Goričke za svoje seniore i određuje da u slučaju izumiranja njegova roda, sva njegova imovina prelazi na njih čime gazi svoju prisegu na vjernost prema akvilejskom patrijarhu. Međutim, već 1366. godine prilike i interesi ga tjeraju da za svoje gospodare prizna Habsburge. 1399. godine izumire rod Devinski, a njihova imanja preuzimaju grofovi Walsee dodjelom od strane Habsburgovaca, odnosno dopušta im se da se mogu služiti devinskim grbom što je posve nešto drugo nego dodjeljivanje pravnog temelja vlasti, jer to pravo nisu imali ni Devinci koji su do ovog područja došli otimačinom. Novi upravitelji, obitelj Walsee dograđuju i povećavaju prostor stanovanja, te raniji stražarski prostor polako prerasta u omanju robusnu utvrdu.
S vremenom se postupno poboljšava kvaliteta stanovanja što dokazuju i nalazi pečnjaka razne kvalitete. U neposrednoj blizini je izgrađena i kapela Sv. Trojstva, s koje vjerojatno potječe i ulomak glagoljicom pisanog natpisa (1439. to pisa), danas uzidanog u pročelje župne crkve Sv. Jerolima. Proširenje prostorija te gradnja kapelice dokazuju da je već u to doba u Klani boravio predstavnik gotničkog kapetana što se već može smatrati jezgrom buduće klanjske gospoštije. Obitelj Walsee drži ovo područje do 1466. godine kad umire i posljednji izdanak loze Walsee, Wolfgang, a klanjska gospoštija na temelju njegove oporuke prelazi u ruke Habsburgovaca.
1468. godine car Fridrich III. Habsburški iznajmio je gospodi Barbo utvrđene mitnice (carinarnice) u Klani i Rijeci na dvije godine za 1.400 cekina godišnje. Obitelj Barbo, još uvijek na neutvrđeni način dolazi u posjed cijelog imanja i naselja Klane. Zbog ulaska grada Gotnik u tzv. Riječki okrug, on gubi na značaju, a klanjska se Gradina ubrzo širi i obuhvaća oveću slobodnu površinu za prihvat stanovništva i stoke. Određene pregradnje na zatvaranju starog, pješačkog ulaza u neposrednom podnožju palasa, gdje je u uskom, natkrivenom hodniku, uz ovaj ulaz, pronađena puška "kukača" koja spada među najstarije uopće proizvedene primjerke vatrenog oružja. Datira se u polovicu XIV. stoljeća, a punila se kroz cijev i palila pomoću fitilja.
Naime, u drugoj polovici XV. stoljeća, a poglavito u XVI. stoljeću, Europi je ozbiljno zaprijetila najezda Osmanlija. Vojska i lokalne vlasti organiziraju čitav sustav poštanskih kurira za hitni prijenos vijesti pa uz granicu nastaje sustav obavješćivanja. Naime, čitav sustav prenošenja informacija i pošte do tada je počivao na kurirskoj službi, ali munjeviti i nepredvidljivi osmanlijski upadi doveli su do spoznaje o nužnosti sustava koji će pravovremeno uzbuniti ljude i spriječiti iznenađenja. Razvija se specifični sustav uzbunjivanja, kombinacijom optičkih (kresovi) i akustičnih (rogovi, zvona) znakova, te kurirske službe.
Klanjski kaštel je imao na spremi uvijek po dva konjanika koji bi na lakim, kraškim konjima dojavljivali pogibelj prema Ljubljani i Trstu. Naime, na prvu najavu dolaska neprijatelja ili dolaska obavijesti tzv. "turskog pisma" iz Klane bi odmah kretali kuriri, pješaci ili konjanici, što je ovisilo o hitnoći. Jedan bi krenuo prema najbliže utvrđenom zamku u Gotniku, te Jablancu, Premu i Senožeću, a drugi bi nosio pismo u Novigrad (Podgrad) te dalje prema Trstu. Zaprimivši pismo, zapovjednici su stavili na njega oznaku kad su ga primili i poslali dalje da sa sebe skinu eventualnu odgovornost. Na skoro svim takvim pismima je na naslovnoj strani dopisano CITO, CITI, CITISSIME (hitro, hitrije, najhitrije). Kuriri bi dolazak na odredište najavljivali pucnjevima: Dva hica - poziv braniteljima na oružje, a nemoćnom stanovništvu u sklonište Tri hica - znak da su Turci već bili na pohodu Četiri hica - da je neprijatelj već na vidiku i tada bi se još palili već ranije pripremljeni kresovi (smolnice). Ako se vatra palila danju, nastojalo se da bude što više dima, a ako se palila noću, nastojalo se da bude što veća. Tamo gdje su ih imali, zvonila su sva zvona, bubnjalo se bubnjevima i uzbunjivalo rogovima.
Tako je u siječnju 1559. godine iz Bosne u Kranjsku upala osmanska vojska (većinom su je činili Bošnjaci) na čelu s Malkoč-begom (u povijesti poznat kao jedan od najratobornijih krajiških begova, sudjelovao je u osvajanju Klisa 1537. godine). Opustošili su prostor, žene i djecu su okovali lancima te ih prevezli kao robove u Hrvatsku, odakle su mušku djecu slali u vjersko-ratne istambulske škole kako bi postala fanatični janjičari.
Međutim, pred robusnim klanjskim dvorcem, turska je žestina slomljena. Mjesec dana nakon toga, 2. veljače, Turci su se vratili još ljući, zadojeni žudnjom za osvetom, ali i ovaj su put bili odbijeni te su za sobom na poprištu borbe ostavili brojne poginule suborce. Stanovnici su zatim rasjekli tijela ubijenih Turaka, potom ih dali psima, prema izvješću Martina Bautchera. Turci su dali povoda za takav bijes, a stanovnici su smatrali da su ubijena trupla nedostojna zemlje.
Kako je kaštel oštećen, te je postao nepodoban za stanovanje, njegovi gospodari Barbo, sagradili su novi, manji dvokatni dvorac klasičnog tipa koji se nalazio podno Gradine, bliže samome naselju (danas je tu smješteno sjedište Šumarije Klana). On je u vjerojatno podmetnutom požaru izgorio početkom 18. stoljeća pa su tadašnji vlasnici i svi ostali prestali stanovati u Klani što je imalo direktan negativan utjecaj na razvoj mjesta i kraja.
Početkom XVII. Stoljeća prestaje neposredna turska opasnost. U prvoj trećini XVII. stoljeća, baronesa Elizabetta Barbo, kći Ludovica Ambrosija Barbe se udaje za baruna Carla Panizzolija i udajom mu donosi gospoštiju Klana u miraz, a zbog austrijsko-mletačkog rata najvjerojatnije na zahtijev carske komore, grade se nove ugaone kule na način da su stare kružne kule dijelom pregrađene, a dijelom porušene, nakon čega su izgrađene nove s mnogo debljim zidnim plastom trapezastog tlocrta. Ima oblik izduljene nepravilne pačetvorine što u potpunosti slijedi prirodne slojnice krševitog uzvišenja. Najveća duljina utvrde iznosi 75 m a širina varira od 20-25 m.
Njihova kći Ana Marija udaje se za viteza Orazija Scampicchija, koji nakon njezine smrti dobro Klana prodaje barunu Wolfgangu Oberburgu. U prvoj polovici XVIII. stoljeća Baruni Lazzarini dolaze u posjed klanjske gospoštije i gospodare njome gotovo cijelo stoljeće, ali sjedište im je u obližnjem Gutenegu.
Nakon Lazzarinija, vlasnicima gospoštije Klana postaju baruni Negovetić. Andrija Negovetić, Josipov sin čije je ime upisano na ploči ponad ulaza u klanjsku župnu crkvu Sv. Jeronima, prodao je 29. XII. 1860. Klanjcima gospoštiju Klana, s cijelim preostalim imanjem i šumom.
Utvrda nakon sklapanja "Madridskog" mira gubi na značenju i postupno se napušta, da bi u XIX. stoljeću gotovo posve nestala u katastrofalnom potresu koji je zadesio područje općine Klana
1. III. 1870. godine, nakon čega je sav kvalitetan kamen s kaštela odvučen zbog obnove naselja u podnožju kaštela. Stoljećima ljudska ruka nije niti pokušavala zaustaviti devastiranje dvorca, već protivno tome i sami su ljudi pridonijeli daje danas u stanju kakvom jest.
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, počeli su pod nadzorom Konzervatorskog odjela Državne ustanove za zaštitu spomeničke baštine i uz stručno vođenje arheologa, a na inicijativu i u organizaciji Društva za povjesnicu Klana, sustavni arheološko konzervatorski radovi na kaštelu Gradina. Društvo je uz pomoć Općine Klana, Primorsko-goranske županije i djelomice početkom 21. stoljeća Države, osiguralo sva potrebna sredstva za taj dugoročni posao koji se pomalo privodi kraju. Zahvaljujući u znatnoj mjeri europskim sredstvima, uređen je i pogodan prilazni put te se tako ostaci kaštela mogu i turistički valorizirati.

2044 008 passes Kaštel Stari whilst working the 1520 Split-Perkovic local (train 5506), 27 August 2013

Am 6.7.24 fährt 2044 029 als D1205 von Split nach Budapest. Hier bei Kaštel Stari

Am 7.7.24 fährt 2044 als Ic 522 von Splt nach Zagreb. Da derzeit sehr viele triebwagen kaputt waren fuhr dieser zug lok bespant das bild enstand in Kaštel Stari

2063 014 und 2063 003 kämpfen sich mit ihrem Zementzug am Abend die steile Rampe Richtung Labin empor.
Im Hintergrund ist Kaštela, die Adria und die Stadt Split zu sehen.

Mit dem letzten Blick auf die Adria, bevor die Strecke im Landesinneren verschwindet, bestreitet 2063 014 mit vier Zementwagen die steigungsreiche Strecke Richtung Perković

Modellbahngerecht bestreitet der erste Zugteil des nachmittäglichen Güterzuges aus Solin, unter einer grandiosen Soundkulisse, mit 2062 110 die letzte Steigung bis Perković und wurde kurz vorher mit vier vollbeladenen Zementwagen fotografiert.

Kurz bevor ein starkes Gewitter aufzog, donnerte es schon zuvor bei Bakovici.
Nach einer langen Verfolgungsjagt von Kaštel Sućurac über Labin bis Bakovici donnerte 2063 014 mit einem leeren Tads-Zug im Wolkenloch am Fotografen vorbei.