The Flickr Pithos Image Generatr

Phaistos is a Bronze Age Minoan settlement on a ridge above the fertile Messara Plain. The ruins of the Palace of Phaistos once formed the second largest Minoan palace in Crete after Knossos, with an area of 8,400 m². Agia Triada only about two kilometers west was another, smaller Minoan palace complex. Both palaces were connected by a road.

According to legend, the city of Phaistos was founded by King Minos. The first ruler of Phaistos is said to have been Minos` brother Rhadamanthys. According to Homer, the city took part in the Trojan War.
With the flourishing of Minoan culture (1900–1700 BC), the first palace was built between 1900 and 1850 BC. It was damaged several times by earthquakes and fire, most recently destroyed in the great earthquake of around 1700 BC. The attempts at reconstruction in the 17th century BC failed. It was not until around 1600 BC that a new palace was begun, but it was never completed. At the same time, the palace of Agia Triada was built, which was more lavishly furnished. It is therefore assumed that Agia Triada was the new ruler's palace, while Phaistos was the cult and economic center.

The "New Palace Period" ended around 1430 BC with the conquest by the Mycenaean Greeks from 1450 to 1425 BC. The destruction of Phaistos by fire around 1450 BC, as well as the demise of other palace complexes on Crete, occurred during this period, a connection with the war can be assumed. The palace of Phaistos was not rebuilt, however, the settlement continued to exist throughout the post-Minoan, Geometric, and Classical periods. The administrative center was likely relocated to Agia Triada, where a ruler's megaron and a marketplace were built.

From around 1200 BC, the Mycenaean culture on Crete also gradually declined. From around 1000 BC, Crete was settled by the Dorians. With the end of the Geometric and the beginning of the Archaic periods around 750 BC, Phaistos, like other Greek cities, developed into an important polis. As early as the Geometric Age (900–750 BC), living quarters stood above the western courtyard of the former Minoan palace, and excavations have shown that this existed in the Archaic period (750–500 BC) and the subsequent Classical period (500–336 BC). In the 7th century BC, new streets and temples were built. The polis of Phaistos dominated the Gulf of Messara. In the Classical and the subsequent Hellenistic period (336–146 BC), Phaistos was the seat of a Cretan league of cities. Around 180 BC, however, Phaistos was subjugated by Gortyn, which became part of the Roman Empire in 67 BC. The city-states were dissolved by the Roman administration, and Phaistos continued to exist only as a settlement in the shadow of Gortyn.

Storage containers - pithoi

Phaistos is a Bronze Age Minoan settlement on a ridge above the fertile Messara Plain. The ruins of the Palace of Phaistos once formed the second largest Minoan palace in Crete after Knossos, with an area of 8,400 m². Agia Triada only about two kilometers west was another, smaller Minoan palace complex. Both palaces were connected by a road.

According to legend, the city of Phaistos was founded by King Minos. The first ruler of Phaistos is said to have been Minos` brother Rhadamanthys. According to Homer, the city took part in the Trojan War.
With the flourishing of Minoan culture (1900–1700 BC), the first palace was built between 1900 and 1850 BC. It was damaged several times by earthquakes and fire, most recently destroyed in the great earthquake of around 1700 BC. The attempts at reconstruction in the 17th century BC failed. It was not until around 1600 BC that a new palace was begun, but it was never completed. At the same time, the palace of Agia Triada was built, which was more lavishly furnished. It is therefore assumed that Agia Triada was the new ruler's palace, while Phaistos was the cult and economic center.

The "New Palace Period" ended around 1430 BC with the conquest by the Mycenaean Greeks from 1450 to 1425 BC. The destruction of Phaistos by fire around 1450 BC, as well as the demise of other palace complexes on Crete, occurred during this period, a connection with the war can be assumed. The palace of Phaistos was not rebuilt, however, the settlement continued to exist throughout the post-Minoan, Geometric, and Classical periods. The administrative center was likely relocated to Agia Triada, where a ruler's megaron and a marketplace were built.

From around 1200 BC, the Mycenaean culture on Crete also gradually declined. From around 1000 BC, Crete was settled by the Dorians. With the end of the Geometric and the beginning of the Archaic periods around 750 BC, Phaistos, like other Greek cities, developed into an important polis. As early as the Geometric Age (900–750 BC), living quarters stood above the western courtyard of the former Minoan palace, and excavations have shown that this existed in the Archaic period (750–500 BC) and the subsequent Classical period (500–336 BC). In the 7th century BC, new streets and temples were built. The polis of Phaistos dominated the Gulf of Messara. In the Classical and the subsequent Hellenistic period (336–146 BC), Phaistos was the seat of a Cretan league of cities. Around 180 BC, however, Phaistos was subjugated by Gortyn, which became part of the Roman Empire in 67 BC. The city-states were dissolved by the Roman administration, and Phaistos continued to exist only as a settlement in the shadow of Gortyn.

Magazine with storage containers - pithoi

Phaistos is a Bronze Age Minoan settlement on a ridge above the fertile Messara Plain. The ruins of the Palace of Phaistos once formed the second largest Minoan palace in Crete after Knossos, with an area of 8,400 m². Agia Triada only about two kilometers west was another, smaller Minoan palace complex. Both palaces were connected by a road.

According to legend, the city of Phaistos was founded by King Minos. The first ruler of Phaistos is said to have been Minos` brother Rhadamanthys. According to Homer, the city took part in the Trojan War.
With the flourishing of Minoan culture (1900–1700 BC), the first palace was built between 1900 and 1850 BC. It was damaged several times by earthquakes and fire, most recently destroyed in the great earthquake of around 1700 BC. The attempts at reconstruction in the 17th century BC failed. It was not until around 1600 BC that a new palace was begun, but it was never completed. At the same time, the palace of Agia Triada was built, which was more lavishly furnished. It is therefore assumed that Agia Triada was the new ruler's palace, while Phaistos was the cult and economic center.

The "New Palace Period" ended around 1430 BC with the conquest by the Mycenaean Greeks from 1450 to 1425 BC. The destruction of Phaistos by fire around 1450 BC, as well as the demise of other palace complexes on Crete, occurred during this period, a connection with the war can be assumed. The palace of Phaistos was not rebuilt, however, the settlement continued to exist throughout the post-Minoan, Geometric, and Classical periods. The administrative center was likely relocated to Agia Triada, where a ruler's megaron and a marketplace were built.

From around 1200 BC, the Mycenaean culture on Crete also gradually declined. From around 1000 BC, Crete was settled by the Dorians. With the end of the Geometric and the beginning of the Archaic periods around 750 BC, Phaistos, like other Greek cities, developed into an important polis. As early as the Geometric Age (900–750 BC), living quarters stood above the western courtyard of the former Minoan palace, and excavations have shown that this existed in the Archaic period (750–500 BC) and the subsequent Classical period (500–336 BC). In the 7th century BC, new streets and temples were built. The polis of Phaistos dominated the Gulf of Messara. In the Classical and the subsequent Hellenistic period (336–146 BC), Phaistos was the seat of a Cretan league of cities. Around 180 BC, however, Phaistos was subjugated by Gortyn, which became part of the Roman Empire in 67 BC. The city-states were dissolved by the Roman administration, and Phaistos continued to exist only as a settlement in the shadow of Gortyn.

Magazine with storage containers - pithoi

Agia Triada is an archaeological site with the remains of a palace complex in the west of the Messara Plain, about two kilometers northwest of the ruins of Phaistos, a Minoan palace complex. There was already an extensive settlement at the beginning of the Pre-Palace period at the end of the 4th millennium BC. Tholos tombs, east of the fenced excavation area, are dated to the Pre-Palace period. Due to the sedimentation of the Timbaki basin at the mouth of the Geropotamos, Agia Triada lost its landfill around 1900 BC. the direct access to the sea that existed in the early Minoan period. During the New Palace period, between 1600 and 1550 BC, a small palace complex was built known as the "great Minoan villa." The settlement at Agia Triada lay east of the palace, which is considered the political and sacred administrative center. The wall paintings are in the same style as the paintings at Knossos.

The palace of Agia Triada was destroyed around 1450 BC. Afterwards, around 1400 BC, a Mycenaean megaron was built on its ruins. To the north, below the complex, in the post-palatial period, a development of dwellings and warehouses was built. It represents a "Minoan market village." It is assumed that artisans and merchants who maintained intensive trade relations with North Africa settled here.

To the north the remains of two large buildings have been preserved, one of them megaron-like, which are dated to 1350 to 1250 BC. During the decline of the Minoan/Mycenaean culture, the palace of Agia Triada was destroyed around 1250 BC. After that, the site was used as a place of worship. Statuettes were placed in the open air. The cult continued until the the 11th and 10th centuries BC and resumed in the 7th century BC.

Pithoi are large storage containers

Pithos etrusco a rilievo con fregio a metope e resti di una sovrapposizione rossa - Tarquinia, 600 a.C. circa. Museo di Stato dell'Assia di Darmstadt, Germania /

Etruscan relief pithos with metope frieze and remains of a red overlay - Tarquinia, c. 600 BC. Hessian State Museum Darmstadt, Germany /

Monumentales Vorratsgefäß aus gebranntem, rot gefärbtem Ton (Pithos), in dem einst Wein, Öl, Salz oder Getreide gelagert wurde. /

Pithos etrusco a rilievo con fregio a metope e resti di una sovrapposizione rossa - Tarquinia, 600 a.C. circa. Museo di Stato dell'Assia di Darmstadt, Germania / Pithos etrusco a rilievo con fregio a metope e resti di una sovrapposizione rossa - Tarquinia, 600 a.C. circa. Museo di Stato dell'Assia di Darmstadt, Germania /

Pithos etrusco a rilievo con fregio a metope e resti di una sovrapposizione rossa - Tarquinia, 600 a.C. circa. Museo di Stato dell'Assia di Darmstadt, Germania /

Etruscan relief pithos with metope frieze and remains of a red overlay - Tarquinia, c. 600 BC. Hessian State Museum Darmstadt, Germany

photo rights reserved by B℮n

The pithos is a large earthenware vessel that was often used for storing wine, oil or food in ancient times. This pithos can be found in the National Museum of Tbilisi and dates back to the 3rd century BC. With a volume of 1,500 liters, it is decorated with scenes of a deer hunt, depicted with animals and birds in red ochre on a glazed and polished surface. These hunting scenes, emphasize the role of hunting in Georgian culture. Georgia is often considered the birthplace of wine, with a winemaking tradition dating back over 8,000 years. The country has a unique terroir and uses the traditional Qvevri method of winemaking, producing a rich variety of wines. The Qvevri method is a traditional Georgian technique of winemaking, in which the wine is fermented and stored in large, egg-shaped earthenware vessels called qvevri. These vessels are usually buried in the ground to regulate the temperature. The process involves the use of grapes with skins and stalks, resulting in wines with full flavors and complex aromas. This method has a history of over 8,000 years and is considered an important part of Georgian culture and winemaking tradition.

The pithos on display at the National Museum of Tbilisi dates back to the 3rd century BC and has a volume of 1,500 liters. Discovered in Samadlo, Mtskheta, this large ceramic vessel features scenes of deer hunts, depicted with animals and birds painted in red ochre on its polished surface. It exemplifies the ancient Georgian tradition of pottery and the significance of these vessels in daily life and agricultural practices, particularly in wine production.

De pithos is een groot aardewerk vat dat vaak werd gebruikt voor het opslaan van wijn, olie of voedsel in de oudheid. Deze pithos is te vinden in het Nationaal Museum van Tbilisi en dateert uit de 3e eeuw voor Christus. Met een volume van 1.500 liter is het versierd met scènes van een hertenjacht, afgebeeld met dieren en vogels in rode oker op een geglazuurde en gepolijste oppervlakte. Deze jachtscènes, benadrukken de rol van jagen in de Georgische cultuur. Georgië wordt vaak beschouwd als de geboorteplaats van de wijn, met een wijntraditie die meer dan 8.000 jaar oud is. Het land heeft een unieke terroir en maakt gebruik van de traditionele Qvevri-methode voor wijnbereiding, waardoor het een rijke variëteit aan wijnen produceert. De Qvevri-methode is een traditionele Georgische techniek voor het maken van wijn, waarbij de wijn wordt gefermenteerd en opgeslagen in grote, ei-vormige aardewerken vaten genaamd qvevri. Deze vaten worden meestal ingegraven in de grond om de temperatuur te reguleren. Het proces omvat het gebruik van druiven met schil en steeltjes, wat resulteert in wijnen met een volle smaak en complexe aroma's. Deze methode heeft een geschiedenis van meer dan 8.000 jaar en wordt beschouwd als een belangrijk onderdeel van de Georgische cultuur en wijnbouwtraditie.

Greek Early Classical period, ca. 470 BCE
Produced at Athens; attributed to the Flying-Angel Painter
From Sarteano (see on Pleiades), Le Pianacce necropolis (Pleiades), Tomb 14 (2006 excavations)

Photographed on display in the Museo Civico Archeologico, Sarteano, Tuscany, Italy

Type B cup
Greek Late Archaic period, ca. 490-480 BCE
Made at Athens
Attributed to the Brygos Painter (by Beazley)
No archaeological provenience

The female figure, wearing a chiton and himation, holds a jar and the rope of the well, which is behind her. In the lower right, a pithos emerges, perhaps for water storage. The Greek inscription καλε "beautiful (woman)" is repeated on the jar and to the left of the figure.
Exterior undecorated.

In the collection of, and photographed on display at, the Civico Museo Archeologico di Milano
Inv. A 0.9.266; Collezione Seletti

Greek Orientalizing/Archaic period, late 7th-1st half 6th c. BCE
Found at Taranto (ancient Taras; see on Pleiades), no more specific provenience

The decoration, made with a cylinder seal, comprises gryphons confronting winged genii with anguiform lower bodies over a double palmette.

In the collection of, and photographed on display at, the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Taranto (MarTa)
Inv. 12572

An applique on the rim of a relief pithos in the Siteia archaeological museum

ɪ ᴅᴏɴ’ᴛ ɢᴇᴛ ᴇɴᴏᴜɢʜ ꜱʟᴇᴇᴘ ᴀᴛ ɴɪɢʜᴛ. ɪ ꜱᴡᴀʟʟᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴅꜱ ɪ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛᴏ ꜱᴀʏ, ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴇᴛ ᴍʏ ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜᴛꜱ ꜰᴜᴄᴋ ᴜᴘ ᴍʏ ᴘᴇᴀᴄᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴍɪɴᴅ.
ɪɴ ᴀ ᴍᴀᴛᴛᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ꜰᴀᴄᴛ; ɪ’ᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏɴᴇ ᴡʜᴏ ᴛɪʀᴇᴅ ᴍᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏꜱᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ɪ ᴅᴏ ᴏᴡᴇ ᴍʏꜱᴇʟꜰ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴀᴘᴏʟᴏɢɪᴇꜱ

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From Thebes, Boeotian workshop, early Orientalizing style.

The museum’s vase gallery was organized chronologically, and having such an extensive collection in one place offered the opportunity to watch the art evolve: from simple geometric decorations in the Geometric period, to crude stick figures that you might see in folk art anywhere, to the stylized animals of the Orientalizing period (imitating the art of Asia Minor through Persia, which was far ahead in its sophistication), to the stylized, contorted human figures of Archaic black-figure ware, to the fully developed, naturalistic poses and proportions of Classical red-figure ware. In sum, it literally took centuries for people to figure out how to draw.

Un pithos (pluriel pithoi) est un type de grande céramique grecque antique, une profonde jarre ayant une base plus ou moins étroite. Le pithos est utilisé pour stocker des denrées issues de l'agriculture en Grèce antique comme des céréales et des liquides.

Au bout de quarante ans de fouilles continues, on n'a dégagé qu'à peine deux hectares de la ville, qui occupait une surface bien plus grande. Il s'agit largement d'un instantané de la localité au moment de sa destruction, au milieu du IIe millénaire av. J.-C., la datation précise étant encore en discussion. Les couches stratigraphiques plus anciennes n'ont été explorées que ponctuellement, dans des tranchées faites pour extraire les poteaux de soutènement des toits. On y a trouvé des tessons de poterie et d'autres artéfacts depuis le Néolithique en passant par les diverses périodes de la civilisation des Cyclades.

Un itinéraire de promenade dans les parties sécurisées de la ville a longtemps permis une visite pendant que les travaux de fouilles se poursuivaient sur les autres secteurs voisins. Très tôt après la découverte, le terrain a été recouvert d'un toit en tôle ondulée sur des poteaux en acier, afin de protéger des intempéries et du soleil les bâtiments et autres éléments mis au jour. Dans les années 2002 à 2005, ce toit, souvent agrandi, a été remplacé par une nouvelle structure, à la demande de l'Union européenne. En 2005, il y eut un accident : une partie de ce nouveau toit s'est effondrée juste avant l'inauguration. Un touriste a été tué et six personnes blessées. Comme il restait des doutes sur la solidité du toit, les fouilles ont été arrêtées, et les visites interdites au public. Pendant l'interruption des fouilles, les archéologues se sont concentrés sur l'analyse des objets déjà extraits, en particulier ceux des couches les plus profondes. Grâce à ce travail, ils ont fait de nouvelles découvertes sur la préhistoire de la ville. Depuis 2009, un nouveau toit a été construit, l'aire des fouilles a rouvert en 2011 pour les archéologues et en 2012 pour le public.

D'après diapositive.

Akrotiri est un emplacement de fouilles archéologiques au sud de l'île grecque de Santorin. En 1967, l'archéologue Spyridon Marinatos a découvert une ville appartenant à la civilisation des Cyclades, avec une forte influence minoenne. En plein épanouissement, la ville a été enfouie par une éruption volcanique (éruption minoenne, de type plinien) analogue à celle qui enfouit les villes d'Herculanum et de Pompéi. C'est ainsi qu'elle a été conservée pendant plus de 3 500 ans. L'excellent état de conservation des bâtiments et de leurs magnifiques fresques permet d'avoir un aperçu de l'histoire sociale, économique et culturelle de l'âge du bronze dans la mer Égée.

Le site des fouilles est nommé d'après le nom moderne du village d'Akrotiri, situé plus au nord sur une colline.

D'après diapositive.

Late Archaic period, 2nd half 6th c. BCE
From San Giuliano (see on Pleiades), Chiusa Cima-Valle necropolis, Tomb of the Obelisk/Tomba dell'Obelisco

In the collection of and photographed on display in the Museo Archeologico delle Necropoli Rupestri, Barbarano Romano (VT), Italy

Early Christian complex

Pithos with inscription