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This is a piece of fossilized plant trunk, the titular example of the extinct species Cycadeoidea etrusca, which dates to the Mesozoic period, probably to the Cretaceous period, roughly 100 million years ago.
This fossil is said to have been discovered in or on an Etruscan tomb at Marzabotto (see on Pleiades) in the 1860s (in a necropolis of the 5th-4th c. BCE), although its first publishers, Capellini and Solms, suggest that it wasn't found in situ, or else the excavators would have noticed and recorded it. It was instead "discovered"/recognized by a visiting geologist (Giuseppe Bianconi, perhaps best known today for opposing Darwin's theories) among a collection of lapidary materials from Marzabotto. Certainly, rounded and smoothed hard black stones were sometimes used in Etruscan funerary contexts.
(The cuts are modern, to observe the internal structure and prepare thin section samples.)
In the Collezione di Geologia "Giovanni Capellini" of the University of Bologna
Sul pianoro della Cerveteri etrusca con Giuseppe e Enzo
Classical period, ca. 400 BCE
Found at Cerveteri (ancient Caere; see on Pleiades), Vignaccia sanctuary, in December 1885
In the collection of, and photographed on display at, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Acquired from Rodolfo Lanciani
Everett Fund, 1888
Inv. 88.358
collections.mfa.org/objects/182777/female-head
Late Archaic-Classical period, ca. 5th c. BCE
Probably made in Etruria
No archaeological provenience; acquired together with the pair of greaves (AN1874.488 A, B)
Paddock Type II Negau, Group B; Egg "Vetulonia" type
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Bequeathed by The Trustees of the Christy Collection, 1874
Inv. AN1874.489
collections.ashmolean.org/object/455551
Late Archaic-Classical period, ca. 5th c. BCE
Probably made in Etruria
No archaeological provenience; acquired together with the pair of greaves (AN1874.488 A, B)
Paddock Type II Negau, Group B; Egg "Vetulonia" type
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Bequeathed by The Trustees of the Christy Collection, 1874
Inv. AN1874.489
collections.ashmolean.org/object/455551
Hellenistic period, Roman Mid-Late Republican period, ca. 2nd c. BCE
No archaeological provenience; probably from Chiusi or the vicinity
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Transferred from the Natural Science Museum, 1885
Inv. AN1885.568
collections.ashmolean.org/object/457574
Late Archaic-Classical period, ca. 5th c. BCE
Probably made in Etruria
No archaeological provenience; acquired together with the Negau type helmet (AN1874.489)
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Bequeathed by The Trustees of the Christy Collection, 1874
Inv. AN1874.488 A, B
collections.ashmolean.org/object/456402
collections.ashmolean.org/object/456403
Late Archaic period, ca. 525-515 BCE
Attributed to the Paris Painter, Pontic Group (Stibbe)
Found at Vulci (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
France Fund
Inv. AN1961.529
collections.ashmolean.org/object/457024
Late Classical period, ca. 4th c. BCE
Attributed to the "Negro Boy Group" [sic]
No archaeological provenience, though almost certainly both made and found in Etruria or Faliscan territory
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Ex-Cook Collection
Inv. AN1947.147
collections.ashmolean.org/object/455194
Classical period, ca. 5th c. BCE
No archaeological provenience, though almost certainly both made and found in Etruria
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Inv. AN1988.387
collections.ashmolean.org/object/456603
Pietra fetida (limestone)
Late Archaic-Classical period, ca. late 6th-5th c. BCE
Almost certainly from Chiusi (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of, and photographed on display in, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom
Acquired from the Moyses Hall Museum, Bury St. Edmunds
Inv. AN1933.1646 (or AN1933.1946?)
collections.ashmolean.org/object/584373
Classical period, ca. 3rd quarter 5th c. BCE
No archaeological provenience; probably from Veii (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of, and photographed on display at, the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Gift of the Anderton Bentley Foundation, the Clarence Brown Fund, the Dana Art Fund, the Michael J. Davies Memorial Fund, the Godwin Art Fund, Dr. and Mrs. Charles Klippel, and the Museum Art Fund
Inv. 1986.101
emuseum.toledomuseum.org/objects/56281/head-of-a-man
Classical period, ca. 3rd quarter 5th c. BCE
No archaeological provenience; probably from Veii (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of, and photographed on display at, the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Gift of the Anderton Bentley Foundation, the Clarence Brown Fund, the Dana Art Fund, the Michael J. Davies Memorial Fund, the Godwin Art Fund, Dr. and Mrs. Charles Klippel, and the Museum Art Fund
Inv. 1986.101
emuseum.toledomuseum.org/objects/56281/head-of-a-man
Sandstone
Orientalizing-Archaic period, ca. 4th quarter 7th c. BCE
Found at Vetulonia (see on Pleiades), Poggio alle Birbe necropolis, in 1894, by Isidoro Falchi
The deceased, Aule or Auvele Feluske, is represented outfitted as a warrior, as a hoplite, with a round aspis shield, wearing a Corinthian-type helmet and holding a double ax, this last rather a symbol of power, not being the typical armament of the hoplite. An Etruscan inscription runs around the edges of the stele. The man's nomenclature, both praenomen and gentilicium, has been linked with a Faliscan origin.
Etruscan text (Meiser, ET Vn 1.1):
[mi a]uvileś feluskeś tuśnutal[a pa/]panalaś mini mul/uvaneke hirumi[n]a ɸersnalnaś
In the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico "Isidoro Falchi," Vetulonia
(Formerly? Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Firenze)
Inv. 8620
Photographed on display at the exhibit "Lex. Giustizia e diritto dall'Etruria a Roma" (Lex. Justice and law from Etruria to Rome) at the Museo dell'Ara Pacis (27 May-10 September 2023), Rome, Italy
Sandstone
Orientalizing-Archaic period, ca. 4th quarter 7th c. BCE
Found at Vetulonia (see on Pleiades), Poggio alle Birbe necropolis, in 1894, by Isidoro Falchi
The deceased, Aule or Auvele Feluske, is represented outfitted as a warrior, as a hoplite, with a round aspis shield, wearing a Corinthian-type helmet and holding a double ax, this last rather a symbol of power, not being the typical armament of the hoplite. An Etruscan inscription runs around the edges of the stele. The man's nomenclature, both praenomen and gentilicium, has been linked with a Faliscan origin.
Etruscan text (Meiser, ET Vn 1.1):
[mi a]uvileś feluskeś tuśnutal[a pa/]panalaś mini mul/uvaneke hirumi[n]a ɸersnalnaś
In the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico "Isidoro Falchi," Vetulonia
(Formerly? Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Firenze)
Inv. 8620
Photographed on display at the exhibit "Lex. Giustizia e diritto dall'Etruria a Roma" (Lex. Justice and law from Etruria to Rome) at the Museo dell'Ara Pacis (27 May-10 September 2023), Rome, Italy
Sandstone
Orientalizing-Archaic period, ca. 4th quarter 7th c. BCE
Found at Vetulonia (see on Pleiades), Poggio alle Birbe necropolis, in 1894, by Isidoro Falchi
The deceased, Aule or Auvele Feluske, is represented outfitted as a warrior, as a hoplite, with a round aspis shield, wearing a Corinthian-type helmet and holding a double ax, this last rather a symbol of power, not being the typical armament of the hoplite. An Etruscan inscription runs around the edges of the stele. The man's nomenclature, both praenomen and gentilicium, has been linked with a Faliscan origin.
Etruscan text (Meiser, ET Vn 1.1):
[mi a]uvileś feluskeś tuśnutal[a pa/]panalaś mini mul/uvaneke hirumi[n]a ɸersnalnaś
In the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico "Isidoro Falchi," Vetulonia
(Formerly? Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Firenze)
Inv. 8620
Photographed on display at the exhibit "Lex. Giustizia e diritto dall'Etruria a Roma" (Lex. Justice and law from Etruria to Rome) at the Museo dell'Ara Pacis (27 May-10 September 2023), Rome, Italy
Sandstone
Orientalizing-Archaic period, ca. 4th quarter 7th c. BCE
Found at Vetulonia (see on Pleiades), Poggio alle Birbe necropolis, in 1894, by Isidoro Falchi
The deceased, Aule or Auvele Feluske, is represented outfitted as a warrior, as a hoplite, with a round aspis shield, wearing a Corinthian-type helmet and holding a double ax, this last rather a symbol of power, not being the typical armament of the hoplite. An Etruscan inscription runs around the edges of the stele. The man's nomenclature, both praenomen and gentilicium, has been linked with a Faliscan origin.
Etruscan text (Meiser, ET Vn 1.1):
[mi a]uvileś feluskeś tuśnutal[a pa/]panalaś mini mul/uvaneke hirumi[n]a ɸersnalnaś
In the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico "Isidoro Falchi," Vetulonia
(Formerly? Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Firenze)
Inv. 8620
Photographed on display at the exhibit "Lex. Giustizia e diritto dall'Etruria a Roma" (Lex. Justice and law from Etruria to Rome) at the Museo dell'Ara Pacis (27 May-10 September 2023), Rome, Italy