The Flickr Northtemperatezone Image Generatr

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This page simply reformats the Flickr public Atom feed for purposes of finding inspiration through random exploration. These images are not being copied or stored in any way by this website, nor are any links to them or any metadata about them. All images are © their owners unless otherwise specified.

This site is a busybee project and is supported by the generosity of viewers like you.

pio11_v_bw_o_n (76-H-430, 76-HC-600) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

pio11_v_bw_o_n (76-H-430, 76-HC-600)

“This enlargement of a Pioneer 11 picture covers part of Jupiter’s north temperature zone, and its north polar region. It shows the breakup of the regular banded structure of Jupiter’s clouds as one goes north toward the pole. The alternating, planet-girdling orange belts and grey-white zones, the most prominent features on the planet, first appear to break down into swirling scalloped and oval structures, and farther north to disappear completely. The northernmost part of the picture shows areas within 70 of the North Pole. According to Dr. Andrew Ingersoll, California Institute of Technology, these polar regions contain what appears to be an array of unorganized hurricane like convective storms. Many of these storms are circular, and some are several hundred miles across. Since Jupiter’s polar regions cannot be seen from Earth, this picture shows many features never seen before, and far the greatest array of details ever seen on the giant planet. Pioneer 11 flew within 42,000 km (26,000 mi) of Jupiter. This view was taken in blue light from 600,000 km (373,000 mi). The Pioneer Project is managed by NASA’s Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA. and the Pioneer spacecraft were built by TRW Systems, Redondo Beach, Ca. The Jovian polar storms may be similar to Earth’s fast-spinning tropical hurricanes in that they are of similar size, and like hurricane may well be “heat pumps”, powered by the latent heat of condensation of water vapor and ammonia vapor. Sharply defined spiral features and scallops, most of them at the boundaries of high-latitude belt and zone regions are believed to result from the wind shears between adjacent, counterflowing jet streams produced in the belts and zones. Many of the jet streams producing these spiral features have speeds relative to the planet of 150 mph each, in opposite directions. This means 300 mph winds at [three words illegible]. Scientists believe that understanding of Jupiter’s Meteorology will lead to better understanding of weather on Earth. Jupiter is a liquid planet and hence has no solid surface, nor any “oceans”, only a gradual transition going down from atmosphere gat to liquid.”

The above is exactly how it’s written on the verso.

Compare/contrast:

bjj.mmedia.is/planet_rend/jup_north.jpg
Credit: Björn Jónsson's website (lots of really cool stuff there)

Finally:

"Figure 9-15. Image D8. Range 1,079,000 km (671,000 mi.), 13 1/2 hours after periapsis."

And:

"The series of images Figures 9-15 through 9-20 shows Jupiter receding as Pioneer 11 leaves the giant planet and rises high above the ecliptic plane on its way to Saturn. Due to an anomaly which affected the rate at which the telescope swept across the planet the command sequence to obtain these pictures had to be changed day by day. Nevertheless all were obtained without any being lost, despite the fact that there was no time to verify the command sequence by computer simulations in advance."

Both above from/at:

history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch9.htm

Specifically:

history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p176.jpg

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (ca. 1979, unnumbered NASA-JPL photo, pseudo-PIA00011 eq) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (ca. 1979, unnumbered NASA-JPL photo, pseudo-PIA00011 eq)

“This computer generated map of Jupiter was made from 10 color images of Jupiter taken Feb. 1, 1979, by Voyager 1, during a single, 10 hour rotation of the planet. Computers at Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab then turned the photos into this cylindrical projection. Such a projection is invaluable as an instantaneous view of the entire planet. Along the northern edge of the north equatorial belt (NEB) are four dark brown, oblong regions believed by some scientists to be openings in the more colorful upper cloud decks, allowing the darker clouds beneath to be seen. The broad equatorial zone (EZ) is dominated by a series of plumes, possibly regions of intense convective activity, encircling the entire planet. In the southern hemisphere the Great Red Spot is located at about 75 degrees longitude. South of the Great Red Spot in the south temperate zone (STeZ) three large white ovals, seen from Earth-based observatories for the past few decades, are located at 5 degrees, 85 degrees and 170 degrees longitude. Resolution in this map is 375 miles (600 kilometers). Since Jupiter's atmospheric features drift around the planet, longitude is based on the orientation of the planet's magnetic field. Symbols at right edge of photo denote major atmospheric features (dark belts and light zones): NTeZ - north temperate zone; NTrZ - north tropical zone; NEB - north equatorial belt; EZ - equatorial zone; SEB - south equatorial belt; STrZ - south tropical zone; and STeZ - south temperate zone.
Voyager is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.”

At/from:

photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00011
Credit: JPL Photojournal website

The above is applicable to any and each 1/6th of my posted photograph, which is just a continuous loop of the image - SIX times - in this circular/ring-like “projection”.
While I understand the usefulness of a cylindrical projection (see my posted image below), this seems to serve no purpose, other than to maybe show off a newfangled capability to manipulate an image (x6) in this fashion, for a purpose that escapes me. I must be missing something. Although…it may be the reason I wasn’t able to find it anywhere.

The ‘base’ image also serves as the continuous front-to-back cover of the following:

www.gutenberg.org/files/55975/55975-h/55975-h.htm
Credit: Project Gutenberg website

The obvious emulsion defects don’t detract too much from the image.

On the plus side, this may be the only NASA photograph in which orientation doesn’t matter!

pio11_v_bw_o_n (ca. 1973, verso hand-annotated 525-e-4) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

pio11_v_bw_o_n (ca. 1973, verso hand-annotated 525-e-4)

Based solely on the similar 'look’ of Figure 6-22 at the following link, along with its associated text, which might even refer to this photo, this might be an image of Jupiter taken by Pioneer 11’s infrared radiometer. Or maybe it’s just a negative photo, intentional or otherwise. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

~8” x 10.5”. From the estate of Eric Burgess.

The aforementioned text:

“In spite of the loss of some of the data covering the northern hemisphere of Jupiter when radiation affected the instrument, the infrared radiometer carried by Pioneer 11 provided two infrared spinscan images of the planet. A complete image was centered at 41° S and a partial image was centered at 52° N latitude on Jupiter. The ratio of total thermal energy to absorbed solar energy was revised to 1.9 ± 0.2 compared with previous estimates of 2.5 ± 0.5. The fact that both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 data yield this result adds confidence in the new value.

Thus, Jupiter does not appear to be emitting as much internal heat as was once thought; about 24 percent less than had been assumed from Earth-based observations.

Jupiter's ionosphere rises 4000 km (2500 mi.) above the visible surface. It is ten times as thick and five times as hot as was predicted. Also, the ionosphere has at least five sharply defined layers of different density, similar to Earth's ionospheric layers that permit long range radio communication around Earth by returning certain radio waves to the ground.

The determination that Jupiter has a warm, extended, hydrogen rich atmosphere has important implications for further exploration of the giant planet.

Prior to measurements by the two Pioneers, it was generally considered that the heating of an entry probe into Jupiter's atmosphere would be greater than could be overcome by present-day technology. Now the new determinations of the Jovian atmosphere suggest that a probe can be made to survive entry into the Jovian atmosphere and measure directly its characteristics and constituents.

Enough has been confirmed or found out about Jupiter by the Pioneers to encourage further exploration. These two spacecraft have also demonstrated that such exploration is quite within the capabilities of present space technology which offers the opportunity now to sample directly what may be primordial material of the Solar System; thus, dipping back four and a half billion years in time.”

At:

history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch6.htm

Specifically, Figure 6-22:

history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p121b.jpg

The truth may lie herein:

authors.library.caltech.edu/35833/
Credit: CaltechAUTHORS website

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (116-KSC-80PC-596, P-23073, PIA00026 eq) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (116-KSC-80PC-596, P-23073, PIA00026 eq)

“Two brown ovals, at right, some 10,000 kilometers (6,000 miles) across, were found at approximately 40° and 60° latitude in Saturn's northern hemisphere by Voyager 1. The photo was taken on November 7, 1980, from a range of 7,500,000 kilometers (4,600,000 miles). The polar oval (upper right) has a structure similar to the Saturn red spot located in the southern polar latitudes. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.”

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/vg1_p23073.html
Credit: NSSDCA website

photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00026
Credit: JPL Photojournal website

voy1_v_bw_o_TPMBK (1-65, P-21194 B&W, AC79-7005 eq, PIA00015 eq) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

voy1_v_bw_o_TPMBK (1-65, P-21194 B&W, AC79-7005 eq, PIA00015 eq)

“This large brown oval, photographed on March 2, [1979] by Voyager 1, is located between 13 and 18° N latitude and may be an opening in the upper cloud deck which, if observed at extremely high resolution, could provide information about deeper, warmer cloud levels; therefore, it has been selected as one of the targets to be photographed on March 5 near closest approach to Jupiter. Features of this sort are not rare on Jupiter and have an average lifetime of one to two years. Above the feature is the pale orange North Temperate Belt, bounded on the south by the high speed North Temperate Current with winds of 120 meters/sec (260 mi/hr). The range to Jupiter at the time this photograph was obtained was 4.0 million kilometers (2.5 million miles) with the smallest resolvable features being 75 kilometers (45 miles) wide. JPL manages and controls the Voyager project for NASA's Office of Space Science.”

Gorgeous color version, also with the above, at:

photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00015
Credit: JPL Photojournal website

Also at, with the following revised/updated & abridged caption:

“This large, long brown oval (roughly 10,000 km across) is known as a "barge" and was imaged by Voyager 1 on 2 March 1979, three days before its closest approach to Jupiter. The oval is located between 13 and 18 degrees latitude and may be an opening in the upper cloud deck providing a view of deeper layers. The thin orange stripe at the top of the frame is the north temperate current, with winds measured at 120 m/s. Below the oval is the pale orange north temperate belt. Features as small as 75 km across can be resolved in this image. North is at 11:00. (Voyager 1, P-21194)”

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/vg1_p21194.html
Credit: NSSDCA website

Finally:

“Large brown ovals in the northern hemisphere of Jupiter are apparently regions in which an opening in the upper, ammonia clouds reveal darker regions below. This oval, about the same length as the diameter of the Earth, was at latitude 15°N. Features of this sort are not rare on Jupiter and have an average lifetime of one to two years. Above the feature is the pale orange north temperate belt, bounded on the south by the high-speed north temperate current, with winds of 120 meters per second. The range to Jupiter at the time this photograph was obtained on March 2 was 4 million kilometers, with the smallest resolvable features being 75 kilometers across.”

Above is the caption associated with the color image on page 72, of NASA SP-439: “Voyage To Jupiter”, 1980, written by David Morrison & Jane Samz.
Although now dated, at the wonderful Project Gutenberg (for this and many other books) website, at:

www.gutenberg.org/files/58915/58915-h/58915-h.htm

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (unnumbered, PIA00358 eq) by Mike Acs

© Mike Acs, all rights reserved.

voy1_v_c_o_TPMBK (unnumbered, PIA00358 eq)

“Jupiter, its Great Red Spot and three of its four largest satellites are visible in this photo taken Feb. 5, 1979, by Voyager 1. The spacecraft was 28.4 million kilometers (17.5 million miles) from the planet at the time. The innermost large satellite, Io, can be seen against Jupiter's disk. Io is distinguished by its bright, brown-yellow surface. To the right of Jupiter is the satellite Europa, also very bright but with fainter surface markings. The darkest satellite, Callisto (still nearly twice as bright as Earth's Moon), is barely visible at the bottom left of the picture. Callisto shows a bright patch in its northern hemisphere. All three orbit Jupiter in the equatorial plane, and appear in their present position because Voyager is above the plane. All three satellites show the same face to Jupiter always -- just as Earth's Moon always shows us the same face. In this photo we see the sides of the satellites that always face away from the planet. Jupiter's colorfully banded atmosphere displays complex patterns highlighted by the Great Red Spot, a large, circulating atmospheric disturbance. This photo was assembled from three black and white negatives by the Image Processing Lab at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. JPL manages and controls the Voyager project for NASA's Office of Space Science.”

Above, with image, at:

photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00358
Credit: JPL Photojournal website

The Barbers' Garden: Iris by bill barber

Available under a Creative Commons by-nc license

The Barbers' Garden: Iris

From my set entitled “Iris”
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, Iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera.

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America.
They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves.
The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as falls. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called standards. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below).
The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower!

Iris by bill barber

Available under a Creative Commons by-nc license

Iris

From my set entitled “Iris”
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, Iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera.

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America.
They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves.
The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as falls. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called standards. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below).
The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower!

Iris by bill barber

Available under a Creative Commons by-nc license

Iris

From my set entitled “Iris”
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, Iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera.

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America.
They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves.
The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as falls. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called standards. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below).
The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower!

Iris off the Deck by bill barber

Available under a Creative Commons by-nc license

Iris off the Deck

From my set entitled “Iris”
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, Iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera.

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America.
They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves.
The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as falls. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called standards. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below).
The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower!

Iris in Deck Garden by bill barber

Available under a Creative Commons by-nc license

Iris in Deck Garden

From my set entitled “Iris”
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, Iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera.

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America.
They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves.
The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as falls. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called standards. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below).
The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower!