
“20TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE APOLLO 11 LUNAR LANDING
MAPPING THE MOON – The surface of the moon’s equatorial region was photographically mapped during the Lunar Orbiter Mission. The maps, which were compiled at Langley Research Center, provided the detailed topographical information needed to pinpoint the best landing sites, including the exact spot in the Sea of Tranquility chosen for Apollo 11.”
Although the presence/placement of the photo ID number, along with the yellowing of the photo paper would suggest it being original/vintage, it’s high gloss surface is basically flawless, so maybe it is ca. 1986…although the “20TH” is crossed out on the attached caption. IDK.
I’ve been familiar with this photo for as long as I can remember, and identified it early on as being an actual photograph…of a Lunar Orbiter model…positioned over a physical simulated lunar surface. I recognized the distinctive airbrushed surface, also for as long as I can remember, as being associated with simulating orbiting/landing on the moon. Life, family, career, etc., etc. got in the way of pointlessly piecing it together…until now…since I no longer have much of a life. So, what we’re looking at, other than the possibly suspended? Lunar Orbiter model, is:
“Project LOLA or Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach was a simulator built at Langley to study problems related to landing on the lunar surface. It was a complex project that cost nearly 2 million dollars. James Hansen wrote: "This simulator was designed to provide a pilot with a detailed visual encounter with the lunar surface; the machine consisted primarily of a cockpit, a closed-circuit TV system, and four large murals or scale models representing portions of the lunar surface as seen from various altitudes. The pilot in the cockpit moved along a track past these murals which would accustom him to the visual cues for controlling a spacecraft in the vicinity of the moon. Unfortunately, such a simulation--although great fun and quite aesthetic--was not helpful because flight in lunar orbit posed no special problems other than the rendezvous with the LEM, which the device did not simulate. Not long after the end of Apollo, the expensive machine was dismantled." (p. 379)
Ellis J. White further described this simulator in his paper, "Discussion of Three Typical Langley Research Center Simulation Programs," (Paper presented at the Eastern Simulation Council (EAI's Princeton Computation Center), Princeton, NJ, October 20, 1966.) "A typical mission would start with the first cart positioned on model 1 for the translunar approach and orbit establishment. After starting the descent, the second cart is readied on model 2 and, at the proper time, when superposition occurs, the pilot's scene is switched from model 1 to model 2. then cart 1 is moved to and readied on model 3. The procedure continues until an altitude of 150 feet is obtained. The cabin of the LM vehicle has four windows which represent a 45-degree field of view. The projection screens in front of each window represent 65 degrees which allows limited head motion before the edges of the display can be seen. The lunar scene is presented to the pilot by rear projection on the screens with four Schmidt television projectors. The attitude orientation of the vehicle is represented by changing the lunar scene through the portholes determined by the scan pattern of four orthicons. The stars are front projected onto the upper three screens with a four-axis starfield generation (starball) mounted over the cabin and there is a separate starball for the low window." -- Published in James R. Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo, (Washington: NASA, 1995), p. 379.”
Above at/per:
artsandculture.google.com/asset/project-lola-or-lunar-orb...
Credit: Google Arts & Culture website…and I’m sure others
Also:
“…Fifty-four years ago, we tested out Project LOLA—the Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach simulator—at the Langley Research Center in Virginia. The pilot perched on a gantry, peeking out the cockpit at a close-circuit TV system that tracked along detailed lunar mosaics in response to their commands.
NASA constructed four models at different scales, so the cockpit could track over the murals simulating a landing. The largest was on a six-meter (20-foot) diameter sphere, simulating the lunar surface from an altitude of 322 kilometers (200 miles) so every 1 centimeter covered 5.7 kilometers (1 inch per 9 miles). The three smaller full-relief scaled sections at 4.5 meter (15 feet) by 12 meter (40 feet). The final model of Crater Alphonsus scaled to just 1 centimeter for every 61 meters (1 inch to 200 feet). The lunar surfaces were created by carefully hand-painting and airbrushing the surfaces using detailed photographs taken from earlier lunar missions.
A typical test run lasted an hour with the pilot in the cockpit controlling how the television cameras tracked along the models. The mission started with the cart positioned on Model 1, establishing the translunar approach and orbit. During descent, the television feed switched to a second camera on Model 2 while the first camera was shuffled over to Model 3. The simulation cut out around a hundred meters (few hundred feet) from the “surface” to prevent the camera from bumping against the models.
The lunar module cabin allowed a 45° field of view over four windows; the simulator’s projection screens covered a broader 65° field of view. The lunar surface was rear projected using four Schmidt television projectors. Anywhere not covered by the “lunar surface” was a starfield created by front-projecting a four-axis starfield generator (starball) mounted above the cabin.
This is what the view looked like to the astronauts using the Project LOLA simulator:
youtu.be/gXOHeGpVkos
Credit: YouTube
A pair of Langley employees theorized that computer-controlled navigation would be insufficient to land on the moon, so they advocated for this $2 million dollar simulator. It was intended to familiarize astronauts with the alien surface, hopefully helping them identify visual cues that would let them aid the programs.
Apollo astronauts started using the simulator in 1964, but after the first moon landings they realized it wasn’t actually necessary. The simulator was soon decommissioned, and removed entirely by 1978.”
Above at/per:
gizmodo.com/project-lola-is-a-bizarre-snapshot-from-the-h...
Credit: Gizmodo website
Finally:
“Artists used paintbrushes and airbrushes to recreate the lunar surface on each of the four models comprising the LOLA simulator. Project LOLA or Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach was a simulator built at Langley to study problems related to landing on the lunar surface. It was a complex project that cost nearly $2 million dollars. James Hansen wrote: "This simulator was designed to provide a pilot with a detailed visual encounter with the lunar surface; the machine consisted primarily of a cockpit, a closed-circuit TV system, and four large murals or scale models representing portions of the lunar surface as seen from various altitudes. The pilot in the cockpit moved along a track past these murals which would accustom him to the visual cues for controlling a spacecraft in the vicinity of the moon. Unfortunately, such a simulation--although great fun and quite aesthetic--was not helpful because flight in lunar orbit posed no special problems other than the rendezvous with the LEM, which the device did not simulate. Not long after the end of Apollo, the expensive machine was dismantled." (p. 379) Ellis J. White further described LOLA in his paper "Discussion of Three Typical Langley Research Center Simulation Programs," "Model 1 is a 20-foot-diameter sphere mounted on a rotating base and is scaled 1 in. = 9 miles. Models 2,3, and 4 are approximately 15x40 feet scaled sections of model 1. Model 4 is a scaled-up section of the Crater Alphonsus and the scale is 1 in. = 200 feet. All models are in full relief except the sphere." Published in James R. Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo, (Washington: NASA, 1995), p. 379; From Ellis J. White, "Discussion of Three Typical Langley Research Center Simulation Programs," Paper presented at the Eastern Simulation Council (EAI's Princeton Computation Center), Princeton, NJ, October 20, 1966.”
Above at/per:
www.dvidshub.net/image/696114/apollo-project
Credit: Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS) website
In conclusion & based on the above (and a couple of the linked photos below), I think this is Model 2. Although the prominent crater in the lower right foreground is Alphonsus, I don’t think its scale is sufficient to be Model 4…the scaled-up section of Alphonsus. For orientation, the other conspicuous crater, with the dark-ringed floor above Alphonsus & adjacent to the right border, is Albategnius. Further, the display of the lunar surface is not only reversed left-to-right, it’s inverted as well! For the purposes of rear projection, I understand the l – r reversal, but not the inversion. I’ve oriented the photo as it would’ve appeared as if standing in front of it, which nicely correlates with the first photo linked to below, which is also etched in my memory. Note that many of the same landmarks are visible.
With 20/20 hindsight it’s easy to question why NASA/Langley leadership proceeded with Project LOLA based on the idea on the ‘good idea’ of two guys. Although, it would seem to be self-evident that there wasn’t anywhere near enough resolution – in these otherwise beautiful works of art – to aid/train in landing on the moon. Maybe to commence an approach/initial descent, but I’d think that would’ve been it. And no provision for a rendezvous in orbit. I’ve never even read any Astronaut’s mention or review of LOLA. It would seem to have been a noble yet ‘not quite’ endeavor, albeit a showcase of artists’ airbrush prowess & precision, along with providing a $2M backdrop for a Lunar Orbiter press/promotional photo.
Addendum & nit-picking follow: Despite being an article touting Langley’s contributions to Apollo, you’d think someone should’ve known - if anyone knew/cared, that is – everything I’ve drolled on about above, or at least that this is obviously not an artist’s rendering:
“Pictured here is an artist rendering of the Lunar Orbiter Mission. The surface of the moon's equatorial region was photographically mapped during the Lunar Orbiter missions. The maps, compiled at Langley Research Center, provided the detailed topographical information needed to pinpoint the best landing sites.”
At:
www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/the-first-step-langleys-cont...
“Illustration of Lunar Orbiter in Flight
Concept art of Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in orbit around the Moon.”
At:
airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/5325hjpg
Also at:
www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/home/Road2Apollo-09.html
Finally, it’s plate [314] here:
history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch10.htm
history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/p314a.jpg