The bridge across the Guadalquivir to Cordoba has existed since the 1st century BC, although most of the current stonework dates from Arab repairs in the 8th century.
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The bridge across the Guadalquivir to Cordoba has existed since the 1st century BC, although most of the current stonework dates from Arab repairs in the 8th century.
The eastern most of the ancient bridges over the Tagus in Toledo was constructed by the Romans, with the current name originating from the Arab for "arch". The tower on the city (right) end was added in the 12th century while the triumphal arch at the other end replaced an earlier tower in 1721.
Todos sabemos que los romanos elegían muy bien los emplazamientos de sus ciudades, un ejemplo más es cuando llegamos a Retortillo en Cantabria (Spain), por ese motivo situaron allí la ciudad romana de Julióbriga en un altozano, desde donde divisamos el valle del río Ebro y cumbres de montañas con bellos paisajes.
La iglesia románica de Santa María en Retortillo emplazada en ese entorno, está datada en el siglo XII, consta de una sola nave, el presbiterio tiene a ambos lados esbeltas arquerías murales con dos arcos de medio punto, arcos ajedrezados, columnas con variados capiteles y dos palomas en la unión de los arcos.
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We all know that the Romans chose the locations of their cities very well, one more example is when we arrive at Retortillo in Cantabria (Spain), for that reason they placed the Roman city of Julióbriga there on a hillock, from where we can see the valley of the Ebro River and mountain peaks with beautiful landscapes.
The Romanesque church of Santa María in Retortillo located in that environment, is dated in the 12th century, consists of a single nave, the presbytery has on both sides slender wall arches with two semicircular arches, checkered arches, columns with various capitals and two doves at the junction of the arches.
One of the frescos in the Gabinetto Segreto (Secret Room, or Secret Cabinet) at the National Archaelogical Museum in Naples, depicting a pointy-eared satyr caressing the breast of a woman, probably a maenad. The woman is partially veiled, but apparently naked, and covered in gold jewelry: a diadem, necklace, and an armlet with a precious stone. The satyr wears an animal skin, has silver earrings, a necklace of leaves, and wears a pine-bough wreath on his head. He is fondling the maenad’s pale breast, while she pulls her veil aside - or is she pulling it over the scene, to hide?
Roman, Casa di Caecilius Jucundus, Pompeii (V, 1, 26), Third Style, ca. 20-10 BCE.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Gabinetto Segreto/Secret Cabinet/Secret Room (MANN inv. 27699)
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. The triumphal arch at Volubilis (Morocco) was erected in 217 A.D. by the council of Volubilis in honor of the emperor Caracalla who bestowed Roman citizenship on its inhabitants and exempted them from paying taxes. There was once a bronze chariot and horses atop the arc and nymphs pouring water at the base.
This was an image of emperor Caracalla. Another image of Julia Domna, his mother on the other flank of the arc.
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. The triumphal arch at Volubilis (Morocco) was erected in 217 A.D. by the council of Volubilis in honor of the emperor Caracalla who bestowed Roman citizenship on its inhabitants and exempted them from paying taxes. There was once a bronze chariot and horses atop the arc and nymphs pouring water at the base.
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
This is one of dozens of mosaics uncovered by excavation at Volubilis. It was likely the floor covering of a room in a residence.
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. The triumphal arch at Volubilis (Morocco) was erected in 217 A.D. by the council of Volubilis in honor of the emperor Caracalla who bestowed Roman citizenship on its inhabitants and exempted them from paying taxes. There was once a bronze chariot and horses atop the arc and nymphs pouring water at the base.
Notice the proclamation on the top describing the monument and that a second set of information was later installed over the first. It makes me wonder what this was all about.
Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. Roman city in Morocco
"Visible from the nearby holy town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoune, and from higher points throughout the valley, Volubilis is one of Morocco’s best-preserved Roman ruins located between the Imperial Cities of Fez and Meknes on a fertile plain surrounded by wheat fields. Established before the Christian Era, at a time when the area was part of Mauretania, Volubilis was considered the administrative center of the kingdom of Mauretania and also one of the most remote cities within the Roman Empire, located in the far southwestern region.
While the city continued to grow well into the second and third centuries AD when the majority of the buildings still visible were built, it is believed that the 42-hectare walled city was once home to 20,000 residents. With wealth generated from local olive production, many grand residences, complete with stunning mosaic tile work, were constructed (and still visible and intact to this day despite being open to the elements) as were public hammams, triumphal arches, and parliament buildings."
A component of all Roman developments is an Arc of Triumph, Volubilis is no exception. The triumphal arch at Volubilis (Morocco) was erected in 217 A.D. by the council of Volubilis in honor of the emperor Caracalla who bestowed Roman citizenship on its inhabitants and exempted them from paying taxes. There was once a bronze chariot and horses atop the arc and nymphs pouring water at the base.
Notice the proclamation on the top describing the monument and that a second set of information was later installed over the first. It makes me wonder what this was all about.
Books on the history of Trebizond.
Left: the original Greek text of Bessarion with his praise (encomium) of Trebizond, with English translation.
Right: a book on the Empire of Trebizond, with pages highlighting its own Hagia Sophia church.
@ Martina
Roman, Augustan period, late 1st c. BCE
From Arezzo (ancient Arretium; see on Pleiades)
The reversed inscription 'TIGRANI' in the mold attributes this to the workshop of Marcus Perennius Tigranus
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1923.20
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
Roman, Augustan period, late 1st c. BCE
From Arezzo (ancient Arretium; see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1915.32
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1305
Parian marble
Roman Imperial period, ca. 138-150 CE
"From Rome"? (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1906.1
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1040
bcma.bowdoin.edu/antiquity/objects/1906-1/
Roman, Augustan period, late 1st c. BCE
From Arezzo (ancient Arretium; see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1915.32
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1305
Parian marble
Roman Imperial period, ca. 138-150 CE
"From Rome"? (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1906.1
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1040
bcma.bowdoin.edu/antiquity/objects/1906-1/
Parian marble
Roman Imperial period, ca. 138-150 CE
"From Rome"? (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1906.1
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1040
bcma.bowdoin.edu/antiquity/objects/1906-1/
Parian marble
Roman Imperial period, ca. 138-150 CE
"From Rome"? (see on Pleiades)
In the collection of the Bowdoin Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, United States
Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Esq., Honorary Degree 1926
Inv. 1906.1
Photographed on display in the exhibit "Etruscan Gifts. Artifacts from Early Italy at Bowdoin" (February 1, 2024 - February 9, 2025)
www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2024/etruscan-gift...
artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/objects-1/info/1040
bcma.bowdoin.edu/antiquity/objects/1906-1/
